Ideology of the Movement of Liberal Legalists and the Theory of Conservative Liberalism

D. Rybin
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Abstract

The great reforms of Alexander II formed a movement of liberal lawyers in the Russian Empire who were seeking ways of modernization of the country’s socio-political system on European models. We propose referring to this group of lawyers as “liberal legalists”. Liberal legalists are understood as an association of liberal dignitaries of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries, mainly judiciaries and legal scholars. The ideology of legalists can be defined as conservative liberalism, and their ideological inspiration was the famous legal scholar B. N. Chicherin. The movement of liberal legalists has not been studied in historical science, yet this topic seems important for the formation of a holistic and objective picture of the socio-political history of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The degree of participation of legalists in the general conservative-liberal movement of the empire at the turn of the century deserves a separate discussion. This movement encompassed like-minded circles of zemstvo and urban intelligentsia, and part of the middle- and upper-class bourgeoisie. In contrast to the history of the organization of zemstvo unions described in scholarship, the history of legalist activity as a socio-political movement has not been identified or defined. The use of archives of legalist societies, memoirs and diaries of imperial lawyers enables to reconstruct this movement and determine its role in the liberation movement. The use of the problem-based approach and chronological method made it possible to carry out this reconstruction.
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自由法家运动的意识形态与保守自由主义理论
亚历山大二世的伟大改革在俄罗斯帝国形成了一场自由主义律师运动,他们正在寻求以欧洲模式实现国家社会政治制度现代化的途径。我们建议把这群律师称为“自由法家”。自由法学家被理解为19世纪下半叶至20世纪初俄罗斯帝国的自由主义显要人士的协会,主要是司法和法律学者。法家的思想可以定义为保守的自由主义,他们的思想灵感来自于著名的法学家b·n·奇切林。自由法家运动还没有在历史科学中被研究过,但这个话题似乎对19世纪下半叶和20世纪初俄罗斯帝国社会政治历史的整体和客观图景的形成很重要。在世纪之交,法学家参与帝国保守-自由运动的程度值得单独讨论。这场运动包括志趣相投的地方自治组织和城市知识分子,以及部分中产阶级和上层资产阶级。与学术界所描述的地方自治工会组织的历史相反,法家活动作为一种社会政治运动的历史还没有被确定或定义。利用法家社团的档案、帝国律师的回忆录和日记,可以重建这一运动,并确定其在解放运动中的作用。采用基于问题的方法和按时间顺序排列的方法使进行这种重建成为可能。
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