Formation of Major Types of Galaxies Based on the Energy Circulation Theory

Abstract

The standard cosmology can answer almost nothing about how the structure of a galaxy is formed. It expects a supermassive black hole at the center and dark matter in the halo to explain the circulation of stars and its velocity. However, why the visible matters are distributed in such a thin plane by the interaction with the black hole while dark matter results in a spherical distribution is a critical open question for a disc galaxy. How the elliptical, ring, and long-barred galaxies are formed is unknown either. Here, we repot simulations of structures of galaxies according to our galactic evolution model based on the energy circulation theory. The theory claims the fundamental force to work between momentums, by which various energy circulations are formed. After terminating cyclic decompositions to lower-level circulations and separations to two ones by the space expansion, a resulted circulation (galactic seed) starts to release lower-level circulations (stellar seeds). Linear releases of stellar seeds from an isolated single galactic seed show an elliptical galaxy. Simultaneous releases on the whole circumference result in stellar seeds in a ring, where the seeds continue to circulate even if the ring radius increases. Intermittent ring releases from a single galactic seed provide a disc galaxy. Ring releases from separate binary galactic seeds form a barred ring galaxy, while linear releases from binary ends give a barred arm galaxy. Ring releases from attached two galactic seeds form a double-disc galaxy. If the two seeds rotate, spiral arms come out.