Pub Date : 2023-01-13DOI: 10.1142/s2424942422500049
S. Nagao
The standard cosmology can answer almost nothing about how the structure of a galaxy is formed. It expects a supermassive black hole at the center and dark matter in the halo to explain the circulation of stars and its velocity. However, why the visible matters are distributed in such a thin plane by the interaction with the black hole while dark matter results in a spherical distribution is a critical open question for a disc galaxy. How the elliptical, ring, and long-barred galaxies are formed is unknown either. Here, we repot simulations of structures of galaxies according to our galactic evolution model based on the energy circulation theory. The theory claims the fundamental force to work between momentums, by which various energy circulations are formed. After terminating cyclic decompositions to lower-level circulations and separations to two ones by the space expansion, a resulted circulation (galactic seed) starts to release lower-level circulations (stellar seeds). Linear releases of stellar seeds from an isolated single galactic seed show an elliptical galaxy. Simultaneous releases on the whole circumference result in stellar seeds in a ring, where the seeds continue to circulate even if the ring radius increases. Intermittent ring releases from a single galactic seed provide a disc galaxy. Ring releases from separate binary galactic seeds form a barred ring galaxy, while linear releases from binary ends give a barred arm galaxy. Ring releases from attached two galactic seeds form a double-disc galaxy. If the two seeds rotate, spiral arms come out.
{"title":"Formation of Major Types of Galaxies Based on the Energy Circulation Theory","authors":"S. Nagao","doi":"10.1142/s2424942422500049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942422500049","url":null,"abstract":"The standard cosmology can answer almost nothing about how the structure of a galaxy is formed. It expects a supermassive black hole at the center and dark matter in the halo to explain the circulation of stars and its velocity. However, why the visible matters are distributed in such a thin plane by the interaction with the black hole while dark matter results in a spherical distribution is a critical open question for a disc galaxy. How the elliptical, ring, and long-barred galaxies are formed is unknown either. Here, we repot simulations of structures of galaxies according to our galactic evolution model based on the energy circulation theory. The theory claims the fundamental force to work between momentums, by which various energy circulations are formed. After terminating cyclic decompositions to lower-level circulations and separations to two ones by the space expansion, a resulted circulation (galactic seed) starts to release lower-level circulations (stellar seeds). Linear releases of stellar seeds from an isolated single galactic seed show an elliptical galaxy. Simultaneous releases on the whole circumference result in stellar seeds in a ring, where the seeds continue to circulate even if the ring radius increases. Intermittent ring releases from a single galactic seed provide a disc galaxy. Ring releases from separate binary galactic seeds form a barred ring galaxy, while linear releases from binary ends give a barred arm galaxy. Ring releases from attached two galactic seeds form a double-disc galaxy. If the two seeds rotate, spiral arms come out.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74156267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s242494242350010x
E. Mananga
Floquet–Magnus and Fer expansion (FE) schemes are used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for the calculation of effective Hamiltonians and propagators. This work focuses on applying the Floquet–Magnus and FE approaches to control the spin system evolution during the phase modulate Lee–Goldburg radiation experiment. Until now, the Frequency switched Lee–Goldburg and its variant called the Phase module Lee–Goldburg have been treated by only the average Hamiltonian theory and the bimodal Floquet approach. In this paper, we use the two developing expansion schemes in solid-state NMR for the calculation of the effective Hamiltonian and propagator during the spin dynamics. Our work unifies and generalizes existing results of the Floquet–Magnus and FEs and delivers illustrations of novel springs that boost previous applications that are based on the classical information. The generality of this work points to potential applications in problems related to solid-state NMR and theoretical developments of spectroscopy as well as interdisciplinary research areas whenever they include spin dynamics concepts.
{"title":"The Floquet–Magnus and Fer Expansions: Application to Control the Spin Dynamics During the Phase Modulated Lee–Goldburg Radiation in Solid-State NMR","authors":"E. Mananga","doi":"10.1142/s242494242350010x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s242494242350010x","url":null,"abstract":"Floquet–Magnus and Fer expansion (FE) schemes are used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for the calculation of effective Hamiltonians and propagators. This work focuses on applying the Floquet–Magnus and FE approaches to control the spin system evolution during the phase modulate Lee–Goldburg radiation experiment. Until now, the Frequency switched Lee–Goldburg and its variant called the Phase module Lee–Goldburg have been treated by only the average Hamiltonian theory and the bimodal Floquet approach. In this paper, we use the two developing expansion schemes in solid-state NMR for the calculation of the effective Hamiltonian and propagator during the spin dynamics. Our work unifies and generalizes existing results of the Floquet–Magnus and FEs and delivers illustrations of novel springs that boost previous applications that are based on the classical information. The generality of this work points to potential applications in problems related to solid-state NMR and theoretical developments of spectroscopy as well as interdisciplinary research areas whenever they include spin dynamics concepts.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84509335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423500111
Shuming Li, Lihua Li Huang, Shuwei Li, Shuyun Li
Based on the smallest physical constant of the product of space interval, time interval, and energy, the fractal quantum gravity (FQG) theory has demonstrated that every particle or physical system consists of these smallest units in fractal structures. The general relativity is an approximation of the FQG equation when the quantum effect is negligible, while the quantum theory is an approximation of the FQG equation when the interaction between space, time, and energy is very weak or negligible. The stationary-action principle can be derived from the FQG equation. The mass range of possibly existing elementary particles and an accelerating expansion evolution model of the universe can be obtained through the FQG equation. This FQG equation satisfied almost all the requirements of a quantum gravity theory and there is no free constant needed in the FQG theory. It looks promising that the FQG theory may offer a novel way to calculate all the free constants in the Standard Model of particle physics and general relativity.
{"title":"The Fractal Quantum Gravity","authors":"Shuming Li, Lihua Li Huang, Shuwei Li, Shuyun Li","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423500111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423500111","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the smallest physical constant of the product of space interval, time interval, and energy, the fractal quantum gravity (FQG) theory has demonstrated that every particle or physical system consists of these smallest units in fractal structures. The general relativity is an approximation of the FQG equation when the quantum effect is negligible, while the quantum theory is an approximation of the FQG equation when the interaction between space, time, and energy is very weak or negligible. The stationary-action principle can be derived from the FQG equation. The mass range of possibly existing elementary particles and an accelerating expansion evolution model of the universe can be obtained through the FQG equation. This FQG equation satisfied almost all the requirements of a quantum gravity theory and there is no free constant needed in the FQG theory. It looks promising that the FQG theory may offer a novel way to calculate all the free constants in the Standard Model of particle physics and general relativity.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135057183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423300015
Xiaodong Yang, Yuchen Yang, Zhen Luo, Y. Bi
In this paper, we introduce the Dirac equation and the hole theory of antiparticle generation, and the history of antiparticle discover. We study of the physical properties of the antiparticles; we point out that antigravity does not exist. We introduce the ideas of two talented physicists and Cabibbo theory which have important influence on the research of origin of the matter–antimatter asymmetry, we propose that the “Dirac energy sea” is compatible with Feynman’s idea that antiparticles are “time reversals” of particles and be used to analyze some cosmological problems. In this paper, we review and analyze a lot of literatures about the asymmetry research on matter and antimatter generation, the available data from astronomical observations, and we can conclude that: everything around us within [Formula: see text] light-years is made of matter the present-day observable universe most likely does not contain significant amounts of antimatter. We provide extensive analysis and introduce observation of antimatter from space, review massive literature on related research, it shows that the present theory cannot give a reasonable explanation for this problem, the origin of matter–antimatter asymmetry remains unknown, although continuing advances in theory and improved experiment limits have ruled out some scenarios, for example, sphaleron-leptogenesis at the electroweak phase transition in the Standard Model and so on. Based on Huang’s theory of the creating of cosmic matter and my idea of the existence of energy basic state field (EBSF) in the universe, we point out the quantum turbulence generated by quantum super-fluidity in the initial period of the formation of the universe, a large number of high-energy solitons (matter) are formed after the Big Bang, it is called Huang-yang mechanism, which is different from the mechanism of antimatter creation and annihilation. In this paper, we also research that the production and annihilation of positive and negative matter promote to further evolving nuclear synthesis to form nucleons. It is absolutely not a perfect mirror symmetry between matter and antimatter when universe creations primordial matter.
{"title":"Research Again Origin of the Asymmetry Between Matter and Antimatter — Energy Basic State Field of the Universe (∐)","authors":"Xiaodong Yang, Yuchen Yang, Zhen Luo, Y. Bi","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423300015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423300015","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce the Dirac equation and the hole theory of antiparticle generation, and the history of antiparticle discover. We study of the physical properties of the antiparticles; we point out that antigravity does not exist. We introduce the ideas of two talented physicists and Cabibbo theory which have important influence on the research of origin of the matter–antimatter asymmetry, we propose that the “Dirac energy sea” is compatible with Feynman’s idea that antiparticles are “time reversals” of particles and be used to analyze some cosmological problems. In this paper, we review and analyze a lot of literatures about the asymmetry research on matter and antimatter generation, the available data from astronomical observations, and we can conclude that: everything around us within [Formula: see text] light-years is made of matter the present-day observable universe most likely does not contain significant amounts of antimatter. We provide extensive analysis and introduce observation of antimatter from space, review massive literature on related research, it shows that the present theory cannot give a reasonable explanation for this problem, the origin of matter–antimatter asymmetry remains unknown, although continuing advances in theory and improved experiment limits have ruled out some scenarios, for example, sphaleron-leptogenesis at the electroweak phase transition in the Standard Model and so on. Based on Huang’s theory of the creating of cosmic matter and my idea of the existence of energy basic state field (EBSF) in the universe, we point out the quantum turbulence generated by quantum super-fluidity in the initial period of the formation of the universe, a large number of high-energy solitons (matter) are formed after the Big Bang, it is called Huang-yang mechanism, which is different from the mechanism of antimatter creation and annihilation. In this paper, we also research that the production and annihilation of positive and negative matter promote to further evolving nuclear synthesis to form nucleons. It is absolutely not a perfect mirror symmetry between matter and antimatter when universe creations primordial matter.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81703703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423500019
P. Morley
The scalar curvature [Formula: see text] is invariant under isometric symmetries (distance invariance) associated with metric spaces. Gravitational Riemannian manifolds are metric spaces. For Minkowski Space, the distance invariant is [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] are arbitrary 4-vectors. Thus the isometry symmetry associated with Minkowski Space is the Poincaré Group. The Standard Model Lagrangian density [Formula: see text] is also invariant under the Poincaré Group, so for Minkowski Space, the scalar curvature and the Standard Model Lagrangian density are proportional to each other. We show that this proportionality extends to general gravitational Riemannian manifolds, not just for Minkowski Space. This predicts that Black Holes have non-zero scalar curvatures [Formula: see text]. For Schwarzschild Black Holes, [Formula: see text] is predicted to be [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the Schwarzschild radius. The existence of [Formula: see text] means that Black Holes cannot evaporate.
{"title":"Black Holes have Intrinsic Scalar Curvature","authors":"P. Morley","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423500019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423500019","url":null,"abstract":"The scalar curvature [Formula: see text] is invariant under isometric symmetries (distance invariance) associated with metric spaces. Gravitational Riemannian manifolds are metric spaces. For Minkowski Space, the distance invariant is [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] are arbitrary 4-vectors. Thus the isometry symmetry associated with Minkowski Space is the Poincaré Group. The Standard Model Lagrangian density [Formula: see text] is also invariant under the Poincaré Group, so for Minkowski Space, the scalar curvature and the Standard Model Lagrangian density are proportional to each other. We show that this proportionality extends to general gravitational Riemannian manifolds, not just for Minkowski Space. This predicts that Black Holes have non-zero scalar curvatures [Formula: see text]. For Schwarzschild Black Holes, [Formula: see text] is predicted to be [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the Schwarzschild radius. The existence of [Formula: see text] means that Black Holes cannot evaporate.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83047216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423500032
D. Koehler
It is shown in this paper that the distorted space model of matter can describe a universe transitioning between conception and an open-ended finality. We use the verbiage “distorted” to communicate the concept of “energetic-manifold-warping” and to distinguish “spatial-warping” from “classical matter-warping”, although the concept of “matter” is in fact, in the present “distorted-geometry” context, the “geometric distortion energy” of the spatial manifold itself without a classical “matter stress-energy source”. An energy conserving alternative to black-body radiation-emission structural-modeling is manifest as an energetically unstable Universe (an originally stable but subsequently collapsing state, followed by an explosive expansion, thereby exhibiting an energy-creation process of one day!). The energy transition dynamics are described for a spherical, gravitational, and electromagnetic, geometrically-based mimic of matter existing at quantitative measures of a size challenging observation, that is, at a calculated Universe (gravitational body) [Formula: see text] m and [Formula: see text] J. The Universe (electromagnetic body) radius is calculated [Formula: see text] m. We have modeled the structure with a composite, two-component, geometric-coupling_constant and initial structural conditions representing Friedmann’s critical density, [Formula: see text]_critical energy-density (8.898[Formula: see text] J/m3) for the gravitational energy-density and [Formula: see text]_electron (8.7[Formula: see text] J/m3) [Formula: see text] the [Formula: see text]_critical energy-density for the geometric-electromagnetic extremum; the geometric extrema are curvature and energy-density extrema. A collapsing initial-phase-1 state, posited as a Friedmann-defined, distorted-geometry (DG) configuration with two equal-energy species or energy-density states, transitions electromagnetically, via an intermediate “mediator or force carrier” state (a W-boson structure in beta-decay), to a final 3-component state (ala a mimic of the beta decay transition process).
{"title":"The Changing Dynamics of a Universe in Transition","authors":"D. Koehler","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423500032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423500032","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown in this paper that the distorted space model of matter can describe a universe transitioning between conception and an open-ended finality. We use the verbiage “distorted” to communicate the concept of “energetic-manifold-warping” and to distinguish “spatial-warping” from “classical matter-warping”, although the concept of “matter” is in fact, in the present “distorted-geometry” context, the “geometric distortion energy” of the spatial manifold itself without a classical “matter stress-energy source”. An energy conserving alternative to black-body radiation-emission structural-modeling is manifest as an energetically unstable Universe (an originally stable but subsequently collapsing state, followed by an explosive expansion, thereby exhibiting an energy-creation process of one day!). The energy transition dynamics are described for a spherical, gravitational, and electromagnetic, geometrically-based mimic of matter existing at quantitative measures of a size challenging observation, that is, at a calculated Universe (gravitational body) [Formula: see text] m and [Formula: see text] J. The Universe (electromagnetic body) radius is calculated [Formula: see text] m. We have modeled the structure with a composite, two-component, geometric-coupling_constant and initial structural conditions representing Friedmann’s critical density, [Formula: see text]_critical energy-density (8.898[Formula: see text] J/m3) for the gravitational energy-density and [Formula: see text]_electron (8.7[Formula: see text] J/m3) [Formula: see text] the [Formula: see text]_critical energy-density for the geometric-electromagnetic extremum; the geometric extrema are curvature and energy-density extrema. A collapsing initial-phase-1 state, posited as a Friedmann-defined, distorted-geometry (DG) configuration with two equal-energy species or energy-density states, transitions electromagnetically, via an intermediate “mediator or force carrier” state (a W-boson structure in beta-decay), to a final 3-component state (ala a mimic of the beta decay transition process).","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"352 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84872768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423500056
A. Šorli, Niko Gorjup, R. Gorjup
Although it has been approximately 80 years since the graviton was theoretically predicted, it has not yet been discovered. To resolve this puzzle, this study developed a model wherein the gravitational force is incorporated into the fundamental structure of the universal space. A physical object diminishes the energy density of space exactly by the amount of energy it contains. The resulting area of space with a diminished energy density is pushed in the direction of the closest area with the lowest energy density. A physical object situated in the corresponding space with a lower energy density follows the motion of this area towards the closest area with the lowest energy density. Therefore, there is no direct gravitational force between the physical objects and gravity is incorporated into the variable energy density of the space. This model of gravity has advanced Newton’s ether model with the extension of the mass-energy equivalence principle to space and works without the hypothetical graviton.
{"title":"Replacement of Space-Time with Superfluid Space and Restoration of Newton’s Dynamic Ether","authors":"A. Šorli, Niko Gorjup, R. Gorjup","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423500056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423500056","url":null,"abstract":"Although it has been approximately 80 years since the graviton was theoretically predicted, it has not yet been discovered. To resolve this puzzle, this study developed a model wherein the gravitational force is incorporated into the fundamental structure of the universal space. A physical object diminishes the energy density of space exactly by the amount of energy it contains. The resulting area of space with a diminished energy density is pushed in the direction of the closest area with the lowest energy density. A physical object situated in the corresponding space with a lower energy density follows the motion of this area towards the closest area with the lowest energy density. Therefore, there is no direct gravitational force between the physical objects and gravity is incorporated into the variable energy density of the space. This model of gravity has advanced Newton’s ether model with the extension of the mass-energy equivalence principle to space and works without the hypothetical graviton.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"104 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78010239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423500123
Amrit Srečko Šorli, Saeid Jafari, Davide Fiscaletti, Rado Gorjup, Niko Gorjup, Tomaž Makovec
Evidence-based cosmology (EBC) is a cosmological model that has no theoretical presumptions. In EBC, every element in the model has a corresponding element in physical reality that is observed and measured. The EBC is related to the real observable universe by a bijective function of set theory. Supermassive black holes (SMBH) in the centers of galaxies are rejuvenating systems of the universe. In the center of SMBH energy density of superfluid space is so low that atoms become unstable and fall apart into elementary particles. SMBHs transform old matter into fresh energy in the form of jets that are composed of elementary particles. This transformation of old matter into fresh energy is permanent. It has no beginning and it will not have an end. Rotation of SMBHs is rotating local superfluid space which is the physical origin of galactic rotation curves.
{"title":"Evidence-Based Cosmology — Black Holes as Rejuvenating Systems of the Universe","authors":"Amrit Srečko Šorli, Saeid Jafari, Davide Fiscaletti, Rado Gorjup, Niko Gorjup, Tomaž Makovec","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423500123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423500123","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence-based cosmology (EBC) is a cosmological model that has no theoretical presumptions. In EBC, every element in the model has a corresponding element in physical reality that is observed and measured. The EBC is related to the real observable universe by a bijective function of set theory. Supermassive black holes (SMBH) in the centers of galaxies are rejuvenating systems of the universe. In the center of SMBH energy density of superfluid space is so low that atoms become unstable and fall apart into elementary particles. SMBHs transform old matter into fresh energy in the form of jets that are composed of elementary particles. This transformation of old matter into fresh energy is permanent. It has no beginning and it will not have an end. Rotation of SMBHs is rotating local superfluid space which is the physical origin of galactic rotation curves.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135312476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423500081
S. Nagao
The existing electromagnetism (EM) expects isolated elementary electric charges [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], and allows their clusters [Formula: see text]. If such isolated charges were possible, a notable force should have worked between electrodes of batteries. However, we practically cannot detect a force between electrodes of adjacent two cells or those of a capacitor. This is critical and requests a drastic correction of key concepts in EM. According to our proposed energy circulation theory, the electric charge is the momentum in the hidden dimension of the 4D space. The electric force is a presentation of the fundamental force that works based on momentums. The elementary charge [Formula: see text] of an electron is not a point charge but spreads even until its counter such as a proton. Plus and minus charges align alternately with the interval [Formula: see text] same as the diameter of a quantum particle. The elementary charge e is not the minimum charge but the maximum charge. The force within a prolonged electric charge pair is same as that expected by the standard EM. However, the charges at the two ends are as small as about [Formula: see text], and hardly affect an electrostatic force with an outside charge. This is the reason why an electrostatic force does not work between an electrode of a cell and that of another cell. Here in this paper, we claim to express the electric current by the energy of electric polarization instead of the electric charge. As a unit of polarization energy, we newly define the polar charge, by which we express the electric current. We further define the magnetic charge as a momentum in space dimensions of a hidden–space-dimensional energy circulation. It is a vector charge in the 3D space while the electric charge is a scalar charge. We demonstrate how a rotation of magnetic charges is induced and derive the equation of magnetic charge density around the electric current.
{"title":"Renewed Concepts for Electric Charge, Electric Current and Magnetic Charge by the Energy Circulation Theory","authors":"S. Nagao","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423500081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423500081","url":null,"abstract":"The existing electromagnetism (EM) expects isolated elementary electric charges [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], and allows their clusters [Formula: see text]. If such isolated charges were possible, a notable force should have worked between electrodes of batteries. However, we practically cannot detect a force between electrodes of adjacent two cells or those of a capacitor. This is critical and requests a drastic correction of key concepts in EM. According to our proposed energy circulation theory, the electric charge is the momentum in the hidden dimension of the 4D space. The electric force is a presentation of the fundamental force that works based on momentums. The elementary charge [Formula: see text] of an electron is not a point charge but spreads even until its counter such as a proton. Plus and minus charges align alternately with the interval [Formula: see text] same as the diameter of a quantum particle. The elementary charge e is not the minimum charge but the maximum charge. The force within a prolonged electric charge pair is same as that expected by the standard EM. However, the charges at the two ends are as small as about [Formula: see text], and hardly affect an electrostatic force with an outside charge. This is the reason why an electrostatic force does not work between an electrode of a cell and that of another cell. Here in this paper, we claim to express the electric current by the energy of electric polarization instead of the electric charge. As a unit of polarization energy, we newly define the polar charge, by which we express the electric current. We further define the magnetic charge as a momentum in space dimensions of a hidden–space-dimensional energy circulation. It is a vector charge in the 3D space while the electric charge is a scalar charge. We demonstrate how a rotation of magnetic charges is induced and derive the equation of magnetic charge density around the electric current.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88147911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2424942423500044
Hollis Williams
We suggest that it might be possible to resolve the vacuum energy problem by assuming the reality of a many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. The suggested resolution is that the enormous theoretical prediction for the vacuum energy density is actually the value distributed across all the parallel universes in a superposition. It is assumed that branching of all the universes into a larger superposition is a physical process which is extremely rare, but which has occurred sufficiently often since the Big Bang that the discrepancy for the experimentally measured value of the energy density can be explained.
{"title":"Many Worlds and the Vacuum Energy Problem","authors":"Hollis Williams","doi":"10.1142/s2424942423500044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424942423500044","url":null,"abstract":"We suggest that it might be possible to resolve the vacuum energy problem by assuming the reality of a many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. The suggested resolution is that the enormous theoretical prediction for the vacuum energy density is actually the value distributed across all the parallel universes in a superposition. It is assumed that branching of all the universes into a larger superposition is a physical process which is extremely rare, but which has occurred sufficiently often since the Big Bang that the discrepancy for the experimentally measured value of the energy density can be explained.","PeriodicalId":52944,"journal":{"name":"Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73940649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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