Unlocking Growth Opportunities Through Saturation Evaluation Behind Complex Completion by Applying State-of-Art Pulsed Neutron Technology

Abstract

Perseverance in quantifying the remaining hydrocarbon saturation, in cased boreholes, remains critical to take business decisions and prioritize operations in brownfield waterflood development. Challenges with cased hole saturation evaluation acquired in certain complex completions such as those completed in multiple casing-tubing strings, slotted-liners and sand-screens require advanced tool technology. Pulsed Neutron Logging (PNL) is one such technology used successfully to analyze behind casing saturation evaluation. The PNL device provide accurate and precise measurement, and with robust processing and environmental compensation corrections, the saturation uncertainty can be delineated. A robust cased hole hydrocarbon saturation and uncertainty estimation enables informed decision making and value driven workover prioritization. The new generation PNL tool features a high-output electronic neutron source and four signal detectors. Near and far Gamma Ray (GR) detectors are made of Cerium-doped Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr3: Ce) featuring high-count rate efficiency and high-spectral resolution (largely insensitive to temperatures variations). A deep-reading GR detector made of Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite (YAP) in combination with a compact fast neutron monitor placed adjacent to the neutron source, enables a new measurement of the fast neutron cross section (FNXS) which provides sensitivity to gas-filled porosity. A newly devised pulsing scheme allows simultaneous measurement in both time and energy domains. The time-domain measurement aid in analyzing the self-compensated capture cross section (SIGM), neutron porosity (TPHI), and FNXS. The energy-domain measurement provides a detailed insight for high-precision mineralogy, total organic carbon (TOC), and carbon/oxygen ratio (COR). The high statistical precision energy-domain capture and inelastic spectral yield data are interpreted using an oxide-closure model which when combined with an extensive tool characterization database provide lithology and saturation measurements compensated for wellbore and completion contributions. This paper shares the advanced features of the new multi-detector PNL tool run in a horizontal well targeting the aeolian Mahwis Formation, consisting of unconsolidated sands and the glacial Al Khlata Formation (Porosity ranges 0.25 – 0.29 p.u.). In this case-study, the well was completed with uncemented sand screens and production tubing to mitigate sanding related risk. The absence of cement behind casing and the presence of screens adds considerable complexity to the saturation analysis. Furthermore, due to low water salinity (∼7000 ppm NaCl equivalent), saturation must be determined using carbon spectroscopy-based techniques - namely the COR and TOC. Logging conventional PNL tools in horizontal wells can lead to lengthy acquisition times, thus adding considerable operational complexity and cost. With the new PNL technology advancements, the time required to acquire high-quality data can be halved. Saturation outputs computed independently from COR and TOC methods showed close agreement and allowed for the direct compensation of changes in borehole oil hold-up without which the computed saturation would have been overestimated. The remaining oil saturation estimation behind cased hole and uncertainty quantification enable a proper understanding of well production performance and uncovered further opportunities. In addition, decision based strategic data acquisition to quantify remaining hydrocarbon saturation enables unlocking growth and ‘no further action’ (NFA) opportunities, impacting production recovery and meeting bottom-line targets in brownfield assets.