Climate change and global warming: thoughts of a Quaker scientist

R. Tuckett
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However, the total radiative forcing which causes the increase in Planet Earth’s temperature has increased consistently over this time window, and the huge majority of the world’s scientists now accept that we have a huge environmental issue on our hands that will not disappear. In the second article [2], suggestions are made as what issues people should think about from individual, government and world positions. The author is a practicing member of the Quaker (Society of Friends) religion, and throughout he comes to this problem from a moral viewpoint. This will not be a talk about religion, but rather how the six Quaker Testimonies (i.e. way we should lead our lives) on Truth and Integrity, Social Justice, Equality, Simplicity, Peace and Sustainability lead him in certain personal directions, and what advice he might give to Governments and World organisations (e.g. the United Nations). A concise and simple explanation of the Quaker religion in the UK in 2017 is written elsewhere [3]; much of it may surprise many delegates! The average temperature of the Earth (red) and the concentration level of CO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere (in red) during the recent history since AD1880. (Stoft http://zfacts.com/p/226.html or Hocker http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/06/09/). A rise of 1 F is equivalent to 0.56°C. From a scientific viewpoint, there is no proven correlation between the two sets of data. Climate change, broadly interpreted, is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (such as more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world. The latter effect is currently causing global warming, and \"climate change\" is often used to describe human-specific impacts. During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint. From ancient times, people suspected that the climate of a region could change over the course of centuries. By the 1990s, as a result of improving fidelity of computer models and observational work confirming the ilankovitch theory of the ice ages, a consensus position formed: greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes and human-caused emissions were bringing discernible global warming. Since the 1990s, scientific research on climate change has included multiple disciplines and has expanded. Research has expanded our understanding of causal relations, links with historic data and ability to model climate change numerically. Research during this period has been summarized in the Assessment Reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.The evidence that anthropogenic carbon emissions are contributing to the increasing temperature of the Earth grows stronger by the year. Whilst impossible to prove, it is suggested that the correlation between CO2 concentrations and the temperature of the planet is as strong as it ever can be. It follows that actions both by individuals and governments around the world are needed now to protect everyone against the rising temperatures that are almost inevitable. CH4 could prove to be as serious a secondary greenhouse gas as CO2. Possible changes in legislation and adaptions to lifestyle are suggested for the UK. At a global level and in the hope that such subjects are brought into the open, charging for excess use of carbon, food and its production, and levels of population in the world are discussed. A graviton Lagrangian is obtained as a curvature integral on a graviton volume, and a Hamiltonian tensor is obtained for the gravitational coordinates and velocities. In a gravitational field, the time space coordinates are deformed. In such a field, any plane wave remains perpendicular geodesic, while an additional acceleration is possible in the wave plane. Extended Abstract","PeriodicalId":94103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398-C3-033","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

This talk arises from two articles recently accepted for publication by Elsevier in their Reference Modules [1,2]; the first also comes out next year in paper copy in the 3rd edition of Encyclopaedia Analytical Sciences, Written for the intelligent nonexpert, the science of the greenhouse effect and the most up-to-date data are presented in the first article [1]. In summary, the two most significant secondary greenhouse gases remain CO2 and CH4, together they contribute c. 80-85% of the secondary greenhouse effect, and this percentage has not changed for the last 20-30 years. CH4 could indeed prove to be as serious a secondary greenhouse gas as CO2. However, the total radiative forcing which causes the increase in Planet Earth’s temperature has increased consistently over this time window, and the huge majority of the world’s scientists now accept that we have a huge environmental issue on our hands that will not disappear. In the second article [2], suggestions are made as what issues people should think about from individual, government and world positions. The author is a practicing member of the Quaker (Society of Friends) religion, and throughout he comes to this problem from a moral viewpoint. This will not be a talk about religion, but rather how the six Quaker Testimonies (i.e. way we should lead our lives) on Truth and Integrity, Social Justice, Equality, Simplicity, Peace and Sustainability lead him in certain personal directions, and what advice he might give to Governments and World organisations (e.g. the United Nations). A concise and simple explanation of the Quaker religion in the UK in 2017 is written elsewhere [3]; much of it may surprise many delegates! The average temperature of the Earth (red) and the concentration level of CO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere (in red) during the recent history since AD1880. (Stoft http://zfacts.com/p/226.html or Hocker http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/06/09/). A rise of 1 F is equivalent to 0.56°C. From a scientific viewpoint, there is no proven correlation between the two sets of data. Climate change, broadly interpreted, is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (such as more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world. The latter effect is currently causing global warming, and "climate change" is often used to describe human-specific impacts. During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint. From ancient times, people suspected that the climate of a region could change over the course of centuries. By the 1990s, as a result of improving fidelity of computer models and observational work confirming the ilankovitch theory of the ice ages, a consensus position formed: greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes and human-caused emissions were bringing discernible global warming. Since the 1990s, scientific research on climate change has included multiple disciplines and has expanded. Research has expanded our understanding of causal relations, links with historic data and ability to model climate change numerically. Research during this period has been summarized in the Assessment Reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.The evidence that anthropogenic carbon emissions are contributing to the increasing temperature of the Earth grows stronger by the year. Whilst impossible to prove, it is suggested that the correlation between CO2 concentrations and the temperature of the planet is as strong as it ever can be. It follows that actions both by individuals and governments around the world are needed now to protect everyone against the rising temperatures that are almost inevitable. CH4 could prove to be as serious a secondary greenhouse gas as CO2. Possible changes in legislation and adaptions to lifestyle are suggested for the UK. At a global level and in the hope that such subjects are brought into the open, charging for excess use of carbon, food and its production, and levels of population in the world are discussed. A graviton Lagrangian is obtained as a curvature integral on a graviton volume, and a Hamiltonian tensor is obtained for the gravitational coordinates and velocities. In a gravitational field, the time space coordinates are deformed. In such a field, any plane wave remains perpendicular geodesic, while an additional acceleration is possible in the wave plane. Extended Abstract
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气候变化和全球变暖:一位贵格会科学家的想法
这次演讲源于爱思唯尔最近在其参考模块[1,2]中接受发表的两篇文章;第一篇也将于明年在第三版的《分析科学百科全书》(Encyclopaedia Analytical Sciences)中以纸质形式出版,这是为聪明的非专家编写的,温室效应的科学和最新的数据在第一篇文章中提出[1]。总之,两种最重要的二次温室气体仍然是CO2和CH4,它们共同贡献了80-85%的二次温室效应,并且这一百分比在过去20-30年中没有变化。甲烷确实可以被证明是和二氧化碳一样严重的第二温室气体。然而,导致地球温度升高的总辐射强迫在这段时间内持续增加,世界上绝大多数科学家现在都承认,我们面临着一个巨大的环境问题,这个问题不会消失。在第二篇文章[2]中,从个人、政府和世界的角度提出了人们应该思考的问题。作者是贵格会(友会)宗教的实践成员,自始至终他都是从道德的角度来看待这个问题的。这不是一个关于宗教的演讲,而是贵格会关于真理和正直、社会正义、平等、简单、和平和可持续发展的六个见证(即我们应该如何生活)如何引导他走向某些个人方向,以及他可能给政府和世界组织(例如联合国)什么建议。关于2017年英国贵格会宗教的简明扼要的解释在别处写着[3];其中很多内容可能会让许多代表感到惊讶!自公元1880年以来的近代历史中,地球的平均温度(红色)和地球大气中二氧化碳的浓度水平(红色)。(Stoft http://zfacts.com/p/226.html或Hocker http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/06/09/)。升高1华氏度相当于0.56°C。从科学的角度来看,这两组数据之间没有可证实的相关性。从广义上讲,气候变化是在几十年到数百万年的时间里,天气模式统计分布发生的重大而持久的变化。它可能是平均天气条件的变化,或者是平均条件周围天气分布的变化(例如极端天气事件的增多或减少)。造成气候变化的因素包括海洋过程(如海洋环流)、生物过程(如植物)、地球接收的太阳辐射的变化、板块构造和火山爆发,以及人类引起的自然界的改变。后一种效应目前正在导致全球变暖,而“气候变化”经常被用来描述人类特有的影响。在20世纪70年代,科学观点越来越倾向于变暖的观点。从古代开始,人们就怀疑一个地区的气候会在几个世纪的时间里发生变化。到20世纪90年代,由于计算机模型的保真度不断提高,加上观测工作证实了伊兰科维奇的冰期理论,人们形成了一种共识:温室气体与大多数气候变化密切相关,而人类造成的排放正在带来明显的全球变暖。自20世纪90年代以来,气候变化的科学研究已包括多个学科,并不断扩大。研究扩大了我们对因果关系的理解,与历史数据的联系,以及对气候变化进行数值模拟的能力。政府间气候变化专门委员会的评估报告总结了这一时期的研究。人类碳排放导致地球温度升高的证据一年比一年强。虽然无法证明,但有人认为二氧化碳浓度和地球温度之间的相关性是有史以来最强的。因此,现在需要世界各地的个人和政府采取行动,保护每个人免受几乎不可避免的气温上升的影响。甲烷可能被证明是和二氧化碳一样严重的二次温室气体。建议英国在立法和适应生活方式方面做出可能的改变。在全球范围内,并希望这些主题被公开,对碳的过度使用,食物及其生产,以及世界人口水平进行了讨论。将引力子拉格朗日量表示为引力子体积上的曲率积分,并将引力坐标和速度表示为哈密顿张量。在引力场中,时空坐标是变形的。在这样的场中,任何平面波都保持垂直于测地线,而波面的额外加速度是可能的。扩展的抽象
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