K. Hidaka, K. Dan, Yuta Miyoshi, H. Imamura, T. Takayama, M. Kitano, K. Sameshima, M. Okimura
{"title":"Twofold Increase in Strawberry Productivity by Integration of Environmental Control and Movable Beds in a Large-scale Greenhouse","authors":"K. Hidaka, K. Dan, Yuta Miyoshi, H. Imamura, T. Takayama, M. Kitano, K. Sameshima, M. Okimura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.79","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"In Japanese strawberry production, over 90% of farmers employ forcing culture in which fruits are harvested from winter to the following spring using June-bearing cultivars. However, production areas are continuously declining for Japanese strawberry production. The average yield from domestic strawberry production in 2012 was about 3 kg m 2 (t / 10a). The average yields in the main production districts of Tochigi and Fukuoka in 2012 was about 4 kg m 2 according to statistical data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan. To reverse the decline in Japanese strawberry production, there is an increasing trend for strawberry production in large-scale industrial facilities. Techniques to obtain consistently high yields are required in large-scale greenhouse production. In strawberry production, many factors contribute to fruit yield (Hidaka et al., 2014a). Fruit yield per unit land area is determined by the number of plants and the fruit yield per individual plant. The former is influenced by cultivation systems, and the average planting density of the conventional bench culture system with stationary beds is about 8 plants m 2 (8,000 plants / 10 a) in Japan. To achieve high planting density, many types of the movable bed systems, e.g., the lateral movable type (Nagasaki et al., 2013), the circulative movable type (Hayashi et al., 2011) and the vertically movable type (Hidaka et al., 2012), have been developed. These lateral, circulative and vertically movable bed systems enable efficient use of the greenhouse space, and result in 1.5, 2.5 and 4 times planting densities as compared with the conventional bench culture system, respectively. The fruit yield per individual plant is influenced by many factors, such as unit fruit weight, fruit number per plant, flower bud, photosynthate partitioning, leaf photosynthesis, and water and nutrient uptake by roots. These factors are affected by the environment (e.g., light intensity, photoperiod, temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, and wind velocity) and the genetic potential of each cultivar. In our previous studies, we explored the development of a supplementary lighting technique, i.e., selection of an effective light source (Hidaka et al., 2013) and determination of the optimum photoperiod for supplemental lighting (Hidaka et al., 2014b). Furthermore, we compared the effect of supplemental lighting among cultivars and observed a remarkable increase in yield in the June-bearing cultivar ‘Benihoppe’ (Hidaka et al., 2015). To achieve an even higher increase in fruit yield, a combinational approach to environmental control, considering not only the light environment but also CO2 concentration and air temperature, for example, is required. Kawashima (1991) reported the effect of CO2 en-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"25","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Control in Biology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.79","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
Abstract
In Japanese strawberry production, over 90% of farmers employ forcing culture in which fruits are harvested from winter to the following spring using June-bearing cultivars. However, production areas are continuously declining for Japanese strawberry production. The average yield from domestic strawberry production in 2012 was about 3 kg m 2 (t / 10a). The average yields in the main production districts of Tochigi and Fukuoka in 2012 was about 4 kg m 2 according to statistical data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan. To reverse the decline in Japanese strawberry production, there is an increasing trend for strawberry production in large-scale industrial facilities. Techniques to obtain consistently high yields are required in large-scale greenhouse production. In strawberry production, many factors contribute to fruit yield (Hidaka et al., 2014a). Fruit yield per unit land area is determined by the number of plants and the fruit yield per individual plant. The former is influenced by cultivation systems, and the average planting density of the conventional bench culture system with stationary beds is about 8 plants m 2 (8,000 plants / 10 a) in Japan. To achieve high planting density, many types of the movable bed systems, e.g., the lateral movable type (Nagasaki et al., 2013), the circulative movable type (Hayashi et al., 2011) and the vertically movable type (Hidaka et al., 2012), have been developed. These lateral, circulative and vertically movable bed systems enable efficient use of the greenhouse space, and result in 1.5, 2.5 and 4 times planting densities as compared with the conventional bench culture system, respectively. The fruit yield per individual plant is influenced by many factors, such as unit fruit weight, fruit number per plant, flower bud, photosynthate partitioning, leaf photosynthesis, and water and nutrient uptake by roots. These factors are affected by the environment (e.g., light intensity, photoperiod, temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, and wind velocity) and the genetic potential of each cultivar. In our previous studies, we explored the development of a supplementary lighting technique, i.e., selection of an effective light source (Hidaka et al., 2013) and determination of the optimum photoperiod for supplemental lighting (Hidaka et al., 2014b). Furthermore, we compared the effect of supplemental lighting among cultivars and observed a remarkable increase in yield in the June-bearing cultivar ‘Benihoppe’ (Hidaka et al., 2015). To achieve an even higher increase in fruit yield, a combinational approach to environmental control, considering not only the light environment but also CO2 concentration and air temperature, for example, is required. Kawashima (1991) reported the effect of CO2 en-
在日本草莓生产中,超过90%的农民采用强制栽培,从冬季到次年春季使用六月结出的品种收获果实。然而,日本草莓的生产面积正在持续下降。2012年国内草莓生产的平均产量约为3 kg m2 (t / 10a)。根据日本农林水产省的统计数据,2012年枥木和福冈主要产区的平均产量约为4公斤平方米。为了扭转日本草莓产量的下降趋势,大型工业设施的草莓产量呈上升趋势。大规模温室生产需要持续高产的技术。在草莓生产中,许多因素影响果实产量(Hidaka et al., 2014a)。单位土地面积的果实产量由植物的数量和单株的果实产量决定。前者受栽培制度的影响,在日本,传统的固定床台式栽培系统的平均种植密度约为8株m2(8000株/ 10 a)。为了实现高种植密度,开发了许多类型的活动床系统,例如横向活动式(Nagasaki等人,2013)、循环活动式(Hayashi等人,2011)和垂直活动式(Hidaka等人,2012)。这些横向、循环和垂直移动的床系统能够有效地利用温室空间,与传统的台式栽培系统相比,种植密度分别达到1.5倍、2.5倍和4倍。单株果实产量受单株单果重、单株果数、花蕾、光合作用分配、叶片光合作用以及根系对水分和养分的吸收等因素的影响。这些因素受环境(如光强、光周期、温度、CO2浓度、湿度和风速)和每个品种的遗传潜力的影响。在我们之前的研究中,我们探索了补充照明技术的发展,即选择有效光源(Hidaka et al., 2013)和确定补充照明的最佳光周期(Hidaka et al., 2014)。此外,我们比较了不同品种间补充光照的效果,观察到六月产的品种“Benihoppe”的产量显著增加(Hidaka et al., 2015)。为了实现更高的水果产量增长,需要采取综合的环境控制方法,例如,不仅要考虑光环境,还要考虑二氧化碳浓度和空气温度。Kawashima(1991)报道了CO2的影响