We examined the effects of citric acid (CA) on organogenesis from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Cymbidium floribundum to determine the appropriate concentration of CA for organogenesis. Explants were cultured in modified MS media supplemented with various concentrations of CA and maintained at 25±1℃ and a 24 h light period for 9 weeks. Addition of 0.1 g/L CA in modified MS media partially reduced the browning intensity in the cultured PLBs, which significantly increased PLB formation, shoot formation from the PLBs, and root formation from the shoots. More than 0.1 g/L CA in modified MS media increased the browning intensity in cultured PLBs. We concluded that CA can effectively control the browning problem in PLB culture of C. floribundum, and addition of 0.1 g/L CA in modified MS media was optimum for organogenesis.
{"title":"Effect of Citric Acid on the Organogenesis of <i>Cymbidium floribundum</i>","authors":"Anjum Ferdous ONA, Kazuhiko SHIMASAKI","doi":"10.2525/ecb.61.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.61.69","url":null,"abstract":"We examined the effects of citric acid (CA) on organogenesis from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Cymbidium floribundum to determine the appropriate concentration of CA for organogenesis. Explants were cultured in modified MS media supplemented with various concentrations of CA and maintained at 25±1℃ and a 24 h light period for 9 weeks. Addition of 0.1 g/L CA in modified MS media partially reduced the browning intensity in the cultured PLBs, which significantly increased PLB formation, shoot formation from the PLBs, and root formation from the shoots. More than 0.1 g/L CA in modified MS media increased the browning intensity in cultured PLBs. We concluded that CA can effectively control the browning problem in PLB culture of C. floribundum, and addition of 0.1 g/L CA in modified MS media was optimum for organogenesis.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136152743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cultivation of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) has been shown to be affected by light availability which has encouraged the use of different net shading to filter the amount of light on the plant. The objective of this study was to enhance the levels of caffeoyl-D-glucaric acid derivatives through UV induced geometrical isomerization. Bush tea methanolic leaf extracts were placed under UV light lamp at 254 nm for the duration of 24 h and new metabolites which formed due to UV exposure were detected through ultra-high-liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-fight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). Hydroxyl-cinnamic acids (HCAs) derivatives have been shown to undergo photoisomerization during post ultra-violet (UV) light exposure, evidenced by the emergence of photo-isomers.
{"title":"Conjugation of Glucaric Acid in Comparison to Quinic Acid by Caffeic Acid Allows for Enhanced Metabolite Diversification in Bush Tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) Extracts Post UV Light Exposure","authors":"Maanea Lonia RAMPHINWA, Ainamensa Richard Godwin MCHAU, Ntakadzeni Edwin MADALA, Fhatuwani Nixwell MUDAU","doi":"10.2525/ecb.61.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.61.73","url":null,"abstract":"The cultivation of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) has been shown to be affected by light availability which has encouraged the use of different net shading to filter the amount of light on the plant. The objective of this study was to enhance the levels of caffeoyl-D-glucaric acid derivatives through UV induced geometrical isomerization. Bush tea methanolic leaf extracts were placed under UV light lamp at 254 nm for the duration of 24 h and new metabolites which formed due to UV exposure were detected through ultra-high-liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-fight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). Hydroxyl-cinnamic acids (HCAs) derivatives have been shown to undergo photoisomerization during post ultra-violet (UV) light exposure, evidenced by the emergence of photo-isomers.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136152742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Mizanur Rahim KHAN, Takashi ARITA, Masaki IWAYOSHI, Yuki OGURA-TSUJITA, Shiro ISSHIKI
In order to develop a male sterile eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), cytoplasm substitution lines of eggplant were produced by continuous backcrossing using Solanum aethiopicum L. Gilo Group (i.e. S. gilo Raddi.) as cytoplasm donor and eggplant as nucleus donor. In the interspecific F1 hybrids between S. aethiopicum Gilo Group and eggplant ‘Uttara’ and ‘Senryo nigo,’ only the F1, whose paternal parent is ‘Senryo nigo’ was able to make BC1. After the BC1, ‘Uttara’ was used as a recurrent pollen parent to grow up to BC5. The pollen staining ability decreased as the backcrossing generation progressed and completely disappeared in the BC4 and BC5. The highest percentage of fruit set was observed in the BC5 with about 69%. The number of seeds per fruit was observed in BC4 and BC5 was relatively high. These indicate that the cytoplasm of S. aethiopicum Gilo Group has no notable negative effect on the seed fertility of S. melongena. Analyses of chloroplast DNA and mitochondrial DNA of the BC5 confirmed that all backcross progenies had the cytoplasm from S. aethiopicum Gilo Group. A new male sterile line of eggplant could be developed by utilizing the cytoplasm of S. aethiopicum Gilo Group.
{"title":"Development of a Male-Sterile Line of Eggplant Utilizing the Cytoplasm of <i>Solanum aethiopicum</i> Gilo Group","authors":"Md Mizanur Rahim KHAN, Takashi ARITA, Masaki IWAYOSHI, Yuki OGURA-TSUJITA, Shiro ISSHIKI","doi":"10.2525/ecb.61.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.61.63","url":null,"abstract":"In order to develop a male sterile eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), cytoplasm substitution lines of eggplant were produced by continuous backcrossing using Solanum aethiopicum L. Gilo Group (i.e. S. gilo Raddi.) as cytoplasm donor and eggplant as nucleus donor. In the interspecific F1 hybrids between S. aethiopicum Gilo Group and eggplant ‘Uttara’ and ‘Senryo nigo,’ only the F1, whose paternal parent is ‘Senryo nigo’ was able to make BC1. After the BC1, ‘Uttara’ was used as a recurrent pollen parent to grow up to BC5. The pollen staining ability decreased as the backcrossing generation progressed and completely disappeared in the BC4 and BC5. The highest percentage of fruit set was observed in the BC5 with about 69%. The number of seeds per fruit was observed in BC4 and BC5 was relatively high. These indicate that the cytoplasm of S. aethiopicum Gilo Group has no notable negative effect on the seed fertility of S. melongena. Analyses of chloroplast DNA and mitochondrial DNA of the BC5 confirmed that all backcross progenies had the cytoplasm from S. aethiopicum Gilo Group. A new male sterile line of eggplant could be developed by utilizing the cytoplasm of S. aethiopicum Gilo Group.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136152755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Mohammadi, H. H. Khankahdani, F. Tanaka, Fumihiko Tanaka
Well-known characteristics of edible mushrooms are their strong nutritional and medicinal properties which help developing the immune system regulation. Mushroom contains low calorie and little fat and offers lots of fiber, amino acid, potassium, vitamins, iron, and even a protein. As a result, dietitians recommend mushroom as an ingredient in a healthy basket food. White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) are the most common typical example of mushrooms with unique flavor. They exhibit superior free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities (Valverde et al., 2015; Muszyńska et al., 2017; Nasiri et al., 2018). However, due to the absence of cuticle which protects them from physical or microbial attacks, mushrooms have a short life span (Gholami et al., 2019). The short shelf life of mushrooms, typically 1–3 days at ambient and 8 days under refrigeration condition, limits their shipping and marketing potential (Qin et al., 2015). Thus, it is trivial that the extension of shelf life of fresh mushrooms, while preserving their quality, is desirable to export/ import grocery companies (Jiang et al., 2013). Serious problems contribute to the postharvest deterioration of mushroom such as browning, moisture loss, softening, and high respiration rate (Zhang et al., 2020). The application of edible coatings has received attention as an effective way to extend the shelf life of fresh products. The edibles coating limit gaseous exchange and moisture loss through fruit and atmosphere by providing an external protective thin layer on the surface and maintain the fruit quality (Thakur et al., 2018; Mohammadi et al., 2021). A. vera gel as a natural edible coating has been recently developed in food productions and pharmaceutical industries due to antimicrobial activity, biochemical and biodegradability properties. Polysaccharide has been found to be able to control these activities (Sánchez-Machado et al., 2017; Jiwanit et al., 2018). A. vera gel contains high polysaccharides and soluble sugars with low lipid contents (0.07–0.42%). It is reported that coating contained both polysaccharide and lipid form more effective barrier to moisture loss and gas permeability compared to polysaccharide-based alone (Hassan et al., 2018; Tzortzakis et al., 2019). Basil essential oil is well known as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial additive, which is rich in lipid compound and is a good candidate for composition with A. vera gel to reach the coating with high polysaccharidelipid composite coating. Basil plant of Lamiaceae family can grow in various regions with different climates around the world and contain in protein, fatty acid, vitamins, and minerals (Hemalatha et al., 2017; Falowo et al., 2019). The current experiment is carried out to assess the effect of combination of basil oil with A. vera on tissue browning and quality characteristics of button mushroom
众所周知，食用菌的特点是其强大的营养和药用特性，有助于发展免疫系统的调节。蘑菇含有低热量和少量脂肪，并提供大量纤维、氨基酸、钾、维生素、铁，甚至蛋白质。因此，营养师推荐蘑菇作为健康篮子食品的一种成分。白扣菇(Agaricus bisporus L.)是具有独特风味的蘑菇中最常见的典型。它们具有优异的自由基清除和抗氧化活性(Valverde等人，2015;Muszyńska等人，2017;Nasiri et al.， 2018)。然而，由于缺乏保护它们免受物理或微生物攻击的角质层，蘑菇的寿命很短(Gholami et al.， 2019)。蘑菇的保质期很短，常温下通常为1-3天，冷藏条件下为8天，这限制了它们的运输和营销潜力(Qin et al.， 2015)。因此，延长新鲜蘑菇的保质期，同时保持其质量，对于进出口杂货公司来说是微不足道的(Jiang等人，2013)。一些严重的问题导致蘑菇采后变质，如褐变、水分流失、软化和呼吸速率高(Zhang et al.， 2020)。食用涂料作为延长生鲜产品保质期的有效手段，其应用受到了人们的关注。可食用涂层通过在水果表面提供一层外部保护薄层来限制气体交换和水分通过水果和大气的损失，并保持水果品质(Thakur et al.， 2018;Mohammadi et al.， 2021)。芦荟凝胶作为一种天然的可食用涂层，由于其抗菌、生化和生物降解的特性，近年来在食品生产和制药工业中得到了广泛的应用。研究发现多糖能够控制这些活性(Sánchez-Machado et al.， 2017;Jiwanit et al.， 2018)。芦荟凝胶多糖和可溶性糖含量高，脂质含量低(0.07-0.42%)。据报道，与单独以多糖为基础的涂层相比，含有多糖和脂质的涂层形成更有效的防潮和透气性屏障(Hassan et al.， 2018;Tzortzakis et al.， 2019)。罗勒精油是一种天然的抗氧化和抗菌添加剂，富含脂类化合物，是与芦荟凝胶组成高多糖脂复合涂层的理想选择。罗勒科植物可以生长在世界各地不同气候的不同地区，并含有蛋白质、脂肪酸、维生素和矿物质(Hemalatha et al.， 2017;Falowo et al.， 2019)。本试验旨在研究罗勒油与芦荟配伍对冬菇组织褐变及品质特性的影响
{"title":"Postharvest Shelf-life Extension of Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) by Aloe vera Gel Coating Enriched with Basil Essential Oil","authors":"L. Mohammadi, H. H. Khankahdani, F. Tanaka, Fumihiko Tanaka","doi":"10.2525/ECB.59.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.59.87","url":null,"abstract":"Well-known characteristics of edible mushrooms are their strong nutritional and medicinal properties which help developing the immune system regulation. Mushroom contains low calorie and little fat and offers lots of fiber, amino acid, potassium, vitamins, iron, and even a protein. As a result, dietitians recommend mushroom as an ingredient in a healthy basket food. White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) are the most common typical example of mushrooms with unique flavor. They exhibit superior free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities (Valverde et al., 2015; Muszyńska et al., 2017; Nasiri et al., 2018). However, due to the absence of cuticle which protects them from physical or microbial attacks, mushrooms have a short life span (Gholami et al., 2019). The short shelf life of mushrooms, typically 1–3 days at ambient and 8 days under refrigeration condition, limits their shipping and marketing potential (Qin et al., 2015). Thus, it is trivial that the extension of shelf life of fresh mushrooms, while preserving their quality, is desirable to export/ import grocery companies (Jiang et al., 2013). Serious problems contribute to the postharvest deterioration of mushroom such as browning, moisture loss, softening, and high respiration rate (Zhang et al., 2020). The application of edible coatings has received attention as an effective way to extend the shelf life of fresh products. The edibles coating limit gaseous exchange and moisture loss through fruit and atmosphere by providing an external protective thin layer on the surface and maintain the fruit quality (Thakur et al., 2018; Mohammadi et al., 2021). A. vera gel as a natural edible coating has been recently developed in food productions and pharmaceutical industries due to antimicrobial activity, biochemical and biodegradability properties. Polysaccharide has been found to be able to control these activities (Sánchez-Machado et al., 2017; Jiwanit et al., 2018). A. vera gel contains high polysaccharides and soluble sugars with low lipid contents (0.07–0.42%). It is reported that coating contained both polysaccharide and lipid form more effective barrier to moisture loss and gas permeability compared to polysaccharide-based alone (Hassan et al., 2018; Tzortzakis et al., 2019). Basil essential oil is well known as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial additive, which is rich in lipid compound and is a good candidate for composition with A. vera gel to reach the coating with high polysaccharidelipid composite coating. Basil plant of Lamiaceae family can grow in various regions with different climates around the world and contain in protein, fatty acid, vitamins, and minerals (Hemalatha et al., 2017; Falowo et al., 2019). The current experiment is carried out to assess the effect of combination of basil oil with A. vera on tissue browning and quality characteristics of button mushroom","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"86 1","pages":"87-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85980861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the methods of increasing tomato production and quality in a greenhouse is to manage the CO2 concentration at or above the ambient level for supporting photosynthesis. CO2 fertilization enables plants to assimilate CO2 gas with high efficiency (Kuroyanagi et al., 2014) and increases fruit yield (Kimball and Mitchell, 1979; Yelle et al., 1990). Attention has also been focused on a method of applying CO2 to a similar level as the outside air in the greenhouse during the daytime in summer or autumn when the windows are sufficiently opened for temperature control (Ohyama et al., 2005). Furthermore, the continuous measurement of the greenhouse ventilation rate throughout the year allows for the long-term direct monitoring of the canopy photosynthetic rate and CO2 use efficiency using the CO2 balance method (Nederhoff and Vegter, 1994). The ventilation rate is a crucial parameter for heat and gas exchanges in a greenhouse. Ventilation regulates the air temperature and humidity in the greenhouse. Additionally, it influences CO2 concentration, which affects the canopy photosynthetic rate. Various techniques have been used to measure and predict the ventilation rate, such as the tracer gas (TG) method (Boulard and Draoui, 1995; Papadakis et al., 1996; Baptista et al., 1999), heat balance (HB) method (Fernandez and Bailey, 1992; Demrati et al., 2001; Harmanto et al., 2006a), and water vapor balance (WVB) method (Boulard and Draoui, 1995; Harmanto et al., 2006a, 2006b). The TG method has been widely used in greenhouse experiments. The ventilation rate measurement by the TG method is highly reliable in leakage and low ventilation conditions for different types of greenhouse and ventilation configurations (Nederhoff et al., 1985; Baptista et al., 1999; Muñoz et al., 1999; Katsoulas et al., 2006). The TG method exhibits good agreement with an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA), as mentioned by Nederhoff et al. (1985), and with a theoretical model based on pressure difference (Baptista et al., 1999) and wind pressure model approaches (Muñoz et al., 1999). However, in the summer season with the maximum ventilation opening area, the TG method experiences numerous disadvantages in large-scale greenhouses (Demrati et al., 2001). A large amount of CO2 gas must be supplied to maintain the CO2 concentration in a greenhouse higher than outside air for a large window aperture. Moreover, this method is expensive, and the long-term continuous measurement of the ventilation rate is extremely difficult under plant cultivation, where CO2 gas is absorbed. Hence, it may not be possible to use this technique for the continuous monitoring of the ventilation rate in summer and autumn season when windows are fully
提高温室番茄产量和质量的方法之一是将二氧化碳浓度控制在或高于环境水平，以支持光合作用。CO2施肥使植物能够高效吸收CO2气体(Kuroyanagi等，2014)，并提高果实产量(Kimball和Mitchell, 1979;Yelle et al.， 1990)。人们还将注意力集中在一种方法上，即在夏季或秋季的白天，当窗户充分打开以进行温度控制时，将二氧化碳施加到与温室外部空气相似的水平(Ohyama et al.， 2005)。此外，全年对温室通风量的连续测量允许使用二氧化碳平衡法长期直接监测冠层光合速率和二氧化碳利用效率(Nederhoff和Vegter, 1994)。通风量是温室内热量和气体交换的重要参数。通风调节温室内的空气温度和湿度。此外，它还影响CO2浓度，从而影响冠层光合速率。已使用各种技术来测量和预测通风量，例如示踪气体(TG)法(Boulard和Draoui, 1995;Papadakis et al.， 1996;Baptista et al.， 1999)，热平衡(HB)法(Fernandez and Bailey, 1992;Demrati等人，2001;Harmanto et al.， 2006a)和水汽平衡(WVB)法(Boulard and Draoui, 1995;Harmanto et al.， 2006a, 2006b)。热重法在温室试验中得到了广泛的应用。对于不同类型的温室和通风配置，热重法测量的通风量在泄漏和低通风量条件下是高度可靠的(Nederhoff et al.， 1985;Baptista et al.， 1999;Muñoz et al.， 1999;Katsoulas et al.， 2006)。热重分析方法与Nederhoff等人(1985)提到的红外气体分析仪(IRGA)以及基于压差的理论模型(Baptista等人，1999)和风压模型方法(Muñoz等人，1999)表现出良好的一致性。然而，在通风面积最大的夏季，热重法在大型温室中存在许多缺点(Demrati等，2001)。对于大开窗的温室，必须提供大量的二氧化碳气体，以保持温室内的二氧化碳浓度高于室外空气。而且，这种方法价格昂贵，在植物栽培条件下，长期连续测量通风量极其困难，因为植物栽培会吸收二氧化碳气体。因此，在夏季和秋季，当窗户完全关闭时，可能无法使用该技术连续监测通风量
{"title":"Continuous Measurement of Greenhouse Ventilation Rate in Summer and Autumn via Heat and Water Vapor Balance Methods","authors":"A. Tusi, T. Shimazu, M. Ochiai, Katsumi Suzuki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.59.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.59.41","url":null,"abstract":"One of the methods of increasing tomato production and quality in a greenhouse is to manage the CO2 concentration at or above the ambient level for supporting photosynthesis. CO2 fertilization enables plants to assimilate CO2 gas with high efficiency (Kuroyanagi et al., 2014) and increases fruit yield (Kimball and Mitchell, 1979; Yelle et al., 1990). Attention has also been focused on a method of applying CO2 to a similar level as the outside air in the greenhouse during the daytime in summer or autumn when the windows are sufficiently opened for temperature control (Ohyama et al., 2005). Furthermore, the continuous measurement of the greenhouse ventilation rate throughout the year allows for the long-term direct monitoring of the canopy photosynthetic rate and CO2 use efficiency using the CO2 balance method (Nederhoff and Vegter, 1994). The ventilation rate is a crucial parameter for heat and gas exchanges in a greenhouse. Ventilation regulates the air temperature and humidity in the greenhouse. Additionally, it influences CO2 concentration, which affects the canopy photosynthetic rate. Various techniques have been used to measure and predict the ventilation rate, such as the tracer gas (TG) method (Boulard and Draoui, 1995; Papadakis et al., 1996; Baptista et al., 1999), heat balance (HB) method (Fernandez and Bailey, 1992; Demrati et al., 2001; Harmanto et al., 2006a), and water vapor balance (WVB) method (Boulard and Draoui, 1995; Harmanto et al., 2006a, 2006b). The TG method has been widely used in greenhouse experiments. The ventilation rate measurement by the TG method is highly reliable in leakage and low ventilation conditions for different types of greenhouse and ventilation configurations (Nederhoff et al., 1985; Baptista et al., 1999; Muñoz et al., 1999; Katsoulas et al., 2006). The TG method exhibits good agreement with an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA), as mentioned by Nederhoff et al. (1985), and with a theoretical model based on pressure difference (Baptista et al., 1999) and wind pressure model approaches (Muñoz et al., 1999). However, in the summer season with the maximum ventilation opening area, the TG method experiences numerous disadvantages in large-scale greenhouses (Demrati et al., 2001). A large amount of CO2 gas must be supplied to maintain the CO2 concentration in a greenhouse higher than outside air for a large window aperture. Moreover, this method is expensive, and the long-term continuous measurement of the ventilation rate is extremely difficult under plant cultivation, where CO2 gas is absorbed. Hence, it may not be possible to use this technique for the continuous monitoring of the ventilation rate in summer and autumn season when windows are fully","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"54 1","pages":"41-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72958493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Different Light Intensities on the Growth and Accumulation of Photosynthetic Products in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyers","authors":"Takanori Kuronuma, Qiyang Wang, Masaya Ando, Hitoshi Watanabe","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"93 1","pages":"131-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80499698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hand pollination is commonly practiced in commercial durian orchards to guarantee fruit set and production of evenly shaped fruit. Durian flowers usually contain five locules in the ovary, with each holding 5―7 ovules (Kozai et al., 2014a), which develop into seeds. The seeds are concealed by the edible part of durian, called the aril (Enoch, 1980). The presence of seeds affects durian fruit shape, with fruits having a good shape graded as high quality when traded in the market (Tantrakonnsab and Tantrakoonsab, 2018). Artificial hand pollination is therefore important for production and yield. Pollen function is one of the most important factors determining successful fertilization (Dag et al., 2000; Alcaraz et al., 2011; Matsuda et al., 2011; Kozai et al., 2014b; Pham et al., 2015). Fresh pollen germination has been shown to be optimal at 20―25°C in durian (Kozai et al., 2014b). The same study reported that pollen germination decrease differed between two consecutive years under different temperature regimes, with 15°C having no effect observed compared with 20―25°C in the first year, but a decrease observed in the second year. The difference might have resulted from different temperature conditions during flower opening. The pollen material used in their study was collected at 1900 hours from the orchard, when anther dehiscence had completed. Durian flowers begin to open at around 1600 hours followed by anther dehiscence at approximately 1700 hours, with both ending at around 1900 hours. Growers therefore tend to commence hand pollination using fresh pollen at around 1900 hours; hence collection of pollen at 1900 hours in the experiment by Kozai et al. (2014b). However, the effect of temperature conditions on pollen function during flowering is not yet fully understood. Air temperatures start to decrease at around 1600 hours and can drop below 20°C even during the evening time. Thus, to achieve successful fertilization, it is important to understand the effect of ambient temperatures before and during anther dehiscence (1600 to 1900 hours) on subsequent pollen germination. Pollen tube elongation is also an important factor affecting fruit set and quality (Dag et al., 2000; Matcha et al., 2006; Matsuda et al., 2011; Kozai et al., 2014b; Pham et al., 2015). Kozai et al. (2014b) reported a decrease in pollen tube elongation at both low ( 15°C) and high temperatures ( 30°C) in ‘Monthong’ durian. They further revealed that reproductive development in ‘Monthong’ is also sensitive to low temperatures; however, the information on other cultivars is lacking. Most research on durian is conducted using ‘Monthong’ because it is the dominant cultivar in Thailand. Furthermore, although comparisons of fruit setting (Honsho et al., 2004), ovule development (Kozai et al., 2014a), and pollen germination have been carried out between cultivars (Salakpetch et al., 1992), little is known about how pollen tube elongation is affected by temperature. ‘Chanee’ is anoth
人工授粉通常在商业榴莲果园实行，以保证果实固定和生产形状均匀的果实。榴莲花的子房通常有5个房室，每个房室有5-7个胚珠(Kozai et al.， 2014a)，胚珠发育成种子。种子隐藏在榴莲的可食用部分，称为假种皮(Enoch, 1980)。种子的存在影响榴莲果实的形状，在市场上交易时，具有良好形状的果实被评为高质量(tanakonnsab和tanakoonsab, 2018)。因此，人工授粉对生产和产量非常重要。花粉功能是决定成功受精的最重要因素之一(Dag et al.， 2000;Alcaraz et al.， 2011;Matsuda等人，2011;Kozai等人，2014;Pham et al.， 2015)。新鲜花粉在20-25℃的榴莲中萌发最佳(Kozai et al.， 2014b)。同一项研究报道，在不同温度下，连续两年花粉发芽率下降不同，15°C与20-25°C相比，第一年没有影响，但第二年有所下降。这种差异可能是由于开花时不同的温度条件造成的。他们研究中使用的花粉材料是在1900时从果园收集的，当时花药已经开裂完成。榴莲花在1600时左右开始开放，随后在1700时左右花药开裂，在1900时左右结束。因此，种植者倾向于在1900小时左右开始使用新鲜花粉进行手工授粉;因此Kozai等人(2014b)在实验中采集了1900小时的花粉。然而，温度条件对开花期间花粉功能的影响尚不完全清楚。空气温度在1600时左右开始下降，甚至在晚上也会降到20°C以下。因此，为了实现成功的受精，了解花药开裂之前和期间(1600 ~ 1900小时)的环境温度对随后花粉萌发的影响是很重要的。花粉管伸长也是影响坐果和品质的重要因素(Dag et al.， 2000;Matcha et al.， 2006;Matsuda等人，2011;Kozai等人，2014;Pham et al.， 2015)。Kozai等人(2014b)报道，在低温(15°C)和高温(30°C)下，“月通”榴莲花粉管伸长都有所下降。他们进一步发现，“月通”的生殖发育对低温也很敏感;然而，其他品种的资料缺乏。大多数关于榴莲的研究都是用“月通”进行的，因为它是泰国的优势品种。此外，虽然在不同品种间进行了坐果(Honsho et al.， 2004)、胚珠发育(Kozai et al.， 2014a)和花粉萌发的比较(Salakpetch et al.， 1992)，但对花粉管伸长如何受温度影响知之甚少。“Chanee”是泰国的另一种商业品种
{"title":"Effect of Temperature before and after Pollination on Pollen Function in ‘Chanee’ Durian","authors":"N. Kozai, H. Higuchi","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.85","url":null,"abstract":"Hand pollination is commonly practiced in commercial durian orchards to guarantee fruit set and production of evenly shaped fruit. Durian flowers usually contain five locules in the ovary, with each holding 5―7 ovules (Kozai et al., 2014a), which develop into seeds. The seeds are concealed by the edible part of durian, called the aril (Enoch, 1980). The presence of seeds affects durian fruit shape, with fruits having a good shape graded as high quality when traded in the market (Tantrakonnsab and Tantrakoonsab, 2018). Artificial hand pollination is therefore important for production and yield. Pollen function is one of the most important factors determining successful fertilization (Dag et al., 2000; Alcaraz et al., 2011; Matsuda et al., 2011; Kozai et al., 2014b; Pham et al., 2015). Fresh pollen germination has been shown to be optimal at 20―25°C in durian (Kozai et al., 2014b). The same study reported that pollen germination decrease differed between two consecutive years under different temperature regimes, with 15°C having no effect observed compared with 20―25°C in the first year, but a decrease observed in the second year. The difference might have resulted from different temperature conditions during flower opening. The pollen material used in their study was collected at 1900 hours from the orchard, when anther dehiscence had completed. Durian flowers begin to open at around 1600 hours followed by anther dehiscence at approximately 1700 hours, with both ending at around 1900 hours. Growers therefore tend to commence hand pollination using fresh pollen at around 1900 hours; hence collection of pollen at 1900 hours in the experiment by Kozai et al. (2014b). However, the effect of temperature conditions on pollen function during flowering is not yet fully understood. Air temperatures start to decrease at around 1600 hours and can drop below 20°C even during the evening time. Thus, to achieve successful fertilization, it is important to understand the effect of ambient temperatures before and during anther dehiscence (1600 to 1900 hours) on subsequent pollen germination. Pollen tube elongation is also an important factor affecting fruit set and quality (Dag et al., 2000; Matcha et al., 2006; Matsuda et al., 2011; Kozai et al., 2014b; Pham et al., 2015). Kozai et al. (2014b) reported a decrease in pollen tube elongation at both low ( 15°C) and high temperatures ( 30°C) in ‘Monthong’ durian. They further revealed that reproductive development in ‘Monthong’ is also sensitive to low temperatures; however, the information on other cultivars is lacking. Most research on durian is conducted using ‘Monthong’ because it is the dominant cultivar in Thailand. Furthermore, although comparisons of fruit setting (Honsho et al., 2004), ovule development (Kozai et al., 2014a), and pollen germination have been carried out between cultivars (Salakpetch et al., 1992), little is known about how pollen tube elongation is affected by temperature. ‘Chanee’ is anoth","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"29 1","pages":"85-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81095559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Takahashi, S. Takayama, H. Umeda, C. Yoshida, O. Koike, Y. Iwasaki, W. Sugeno
In Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, the scale of strawberry cultivation facilities has recently increased and productivity has improved because of various environmental controls. For example, long-day treatment is conducted for promoting leaf growth (Vince-Prue and Guttridge, 1973). Control of atmospheric carbon dioxide, known to increase strawberry yield, is used widely in strawberry cultivation greenhouses (Lieten, 1997; Wada et al., 2010). Temperature management is also important for obtaining high yields of strawberries (Hidaka et al., 2016). On the basis of the environmental information in greenhouses, producers can continuously control the environment. Skilled producers base their cultivation management on a combination of environmental information and plant information obtained from growth surveys. Growth surveys are useful because they quantify and record the growth state of strawberries; however, as the work involved takes time, and the majority of producers judge growth state by plant appearance and they do not keep records. The vegetative and reproductive growth of strawberries both need to be properly controlled, yet experts currently carry out this task based on experience and plant growth data. In Miyagi Prefecture, the management target for strawberry is to obtain a plant height of >25 cm during the winter season by temperature control, fertilizer management, carbon dioxide control and long-day treatment. While plant height is regarded as an index of management because it is easy to measure, this parameter is not sufficient to quantify strawberry vigor. Skilled producers look at the appearance of strawberry plants to assess vigor, and plant height is only an auxiliary indicator. Plant height is usually measured once a week rather than daily. The optimal method for assessing strawberry growth has not yet been determined scientifically and management methods for strawberry plants vary among producers. In addition, inexperienced producers may struggle to perform adequate controls. There is a need for a management technique based on quantitative information. Although data on strawberry plant height is currently used, the amount of data obtained from visual inspection is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method that can easily evaluate the growth of strawberry plants at different times and can accurately quantify their appearance. A technique for acquiring plant data using a three-dimensional (3D) shape sensor has been
在日本宫城县，由于各种环境控制，草莓栽培设施的规模最近有所增加，生产力也有所提高。例如，通过长时间处理来促进叶片生长(Vince-Prue and gutridge, 1973)。控制大气中的二氧化碳，已知可以提高草莓产量，被广泛应用于草莓栽培温室(Lieten, 1997;Wada et al.， 2010)。温度管理对于草莓高产也很重要(Hidaka et al.， 2016)。在温室环境信息的基础上，生产者可以对环境进行持续的控制。熟练的生产者将从生长调查中获得的环境信息和植物信息结合起来进行种植管理。生长调查是有用的，因为它们量化并记录了草莓的生长状态;然而，由于这项工作需要时间，而且大多数生产者根据植物的外观来判断生长状态，他们不做记录。草莓的营养生长和生殖生长都需要适当的控制，但目前专家们根据经验和植物生长数据来执行这项任务。在宫城县，草莓的管理目标是在冬季通过控温、施肥、二氧化碳控制和长日处理使株高>25 cm。株高由于易于测量而被视为管理指标，但该参数不足以量化草莓活力。熟练的生产者看草莓植株的外观来评估活力，植株高度只是一个辅助指标。植株高度通常一周测量一次，而不是每天测量一次。评价草莓生长的最佳方法尚未科学确定，草莓种植管理方法因生产者而异。此外，缺乏经验的生产者可能难以进行充分的控制。需要一种基于定量信息的管理技术。虽然目前使用的是草莓株高数据，但目测获得的数据量是有限的。因此，有必要开发一种既能方便地评价草莓植株不同时期生长情况，又能准确量化其外观的方法。本文提出了一种利用三维(3D)形状传感器获取植物数据的技术
{"title":"Quantification of Strawberry Plant Growth and Amount of Light Received Using a Depth Sensor","authors":"M. Takahashi, S. Takayama, H. Umeda, C. Yoshida, O. Koike, Y. Iwasaki, W. Sugeno","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.31","url":null,"abstract":"In Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, the scale of strawberry cultivation facilities has recently increased and productivity has improved because of various environmental controls. For example, long-day treatment is conducted for promoting leaf growth (Vince-Prue and Guttridge, 1973). Control of atmospheric carbon dioxide, known to increase strawberry yield, is used widely in strawberry cultivation greenhouses (Lieten, 1997; Wada et al., 2010). Temperature management is also important for obtaining high yields of strawberries (Hidaka et al., 2016). On the basis of the environmental information in greenhouses, producers can continuously control the environment. Skilled producers base their cultivation management on a combination of environmental information and plant information obtained from growth surveys. Growth surveys are useful because they quantify and record the growth state of strawberries; however, as the work involved takes time, and the majority of producers judge growth state by plant appearance and they do not keep records. The vegetative and reproductive growth of strawberries both need to be properly controlled, yet experts currently carry out this task based on experience and plant growth data. In Miyagi Prefecture, the management target for strawberry is to obtain a plant height of >25 cm during the winter season by temperature control, fertilizer management, carbon dioxide control and long-day treatment. While plant height is regarded as an index of management because it is easy to measure, this parameter is not sufficient to quantify strawberry vigor. Skilled producers look at the appearance of strawberry plants to assess vigor, and plant height is only an auxiliary indicator. Plant height is usually measured once a week rather than daily. The optimal method for assessing strawberry growth has not yet been determined scientifically and management methods for strawberry plants vary among producers. In addition, inexperienced producers may struggle to perform adequate controls. There is a need for a management technique based on quantitative information. Although data on strawberry plant height is currently used, the amount of data obtained from visual inspection is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method that can easily evaluate the growth of strawberry plants at different times and can accurately quantify their appearance. A technique for acquiring plant data using a three-dimensional (3D) shape sensor has been","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"85 1","pages":"31-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90930837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Horibe, K. Horie, Mio Kawai, Yuuki Kurachi, Yuuka Watanabe, Maho Makita
{"title":"Effect of Light Environment on Flower Opening and Water Balance in Cut Rose","authors":"T. Horibe, K. Horie, Mio Kawai, Yuuki Kurachi, Yuuka Watanabe, Maho Makita","doi":"10.2525/ecb.58.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"3 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82121761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Application of synthetic agro-chemicals for plant growth enhancement and weeds, pest and disease control would cause negative impacts on biodiversity, environment and human health (Debenest et al., 2010; Geiger et al., 2010). Accordingly, organic agriculture has become popular with rising trend throughout the world (Willer et al., 2009). Nowadays, many microbial products are available for pest and disease management in crop production (Berg, 2009), and also available for plant growth promotion as a biofertilizer (Rodríguez and Fraga, 1999; Vessey, 2003). The genus Trichoderma (Teleomorph Hypocrea) has attracted an increasing attention and interest because of their economic value, and it is widely used not only as a biocontrol agent especially for soil borne plant pathogenic fungi (Qualhato et al., 2013) but also for enzyme production in industrial usage (Ahamed and Vermette, 2008). Additionally, it has the potential to degrade environmental hazardous chemical residue from the contaminated agricultural soil (Arfarita et al., 2013). Antagonist mechanisms of Trichoderma spp. are competition for nutrient and space, and direct mycoparasitism with antibiosis such as cell wall degrading enzymes to inhibit the growth of plant pathogens (Benítez et al., 2004). Moreover, these species are common and persistent fungi in the rhizosphere soil microbial community in a natural ecosystem (Lidia et al., 2011). Among them, T. harzianum, T. virens, T. asperellum, T. koningii and T. hamatum were colonizing to the roots and rhizosphere and some strains of each species have been identified as a plant growth promoter of the early growth stage of bean plants (Hoyos-Carvajal et al., 2009). Isolates of T. harzianum increased plant height and leaf area of pepper and cucumber seedlings and reduced damping-off disease significantly under commercial growing conditions (Inbar et al., 1994). Isolates of T. virens produced plant growth regulator, the auxin-related compounds, and enhanced biomass and root growth of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings (ContrerasCornejo et al., 2009). The morphological and cultural properties of T. harzianum and T. vriens were not obviously different (Sharma and Singh, 2014), and it can be accurately identified by molecular sequencing of ITS gene (White et al., 1990). In our previous study, several Trichoderma species isolated from waste paper sludge compost abandoned by paper manufacturing company in Saga, Japan during 2014― 2016 were characterized by their paper degradation ability. As the results, these isolates are potentially responsible for production of cellulose degrading enzyme (cellulase) and total crude protein in treated paper wastes (Peng et al., 2016). Remarkably, there is no report concerned to the characterization of Trichoderma spp. derived from such paper sludge compost and possibility of usage of these isolates as a biological resource of plant growth promotion and antagonist of the plant pathogenic fungi. Although, cel-
应用合成农用化学品促进植物生长和防治杂草、病虫害将对生物多样性、环境和人类健康造成负面影响(Debenest等，2010;Geiger et al.， 2010)。因此，有机农业在世界范围内日益流行(Willer et al.， 2009)。如今，许多微生物产品可用于作物生产中的病虫害管理(Berg, 2009)，也可作为生物肥料用于促进植物生长(Rodríguez和Fraga, 1999;Vessey, 2003)。木霉属(Teleomorph Hypocrea)因其经济价值而引起了越来越多的关注和兴趣，它不仅被广泛用作生物防治剂，特别是土壤传播的植物病原真菌(Qualhato等人，2013)，而且还被广泛用于工业用途的酶生产(Ahamed和Vermette, 2008)。此外，它还具有降解受污染农业土壤中的环境有害化学残留物的潜力(Arfarita et al.， 2013)。木霉的拮抗机制是争夺养分和空间，并直接与抗生素(如细胞壁降解酶)进行真菌寄生，以抑制植物病原体的生长(Benítez et al.， 2004)。此外，这些物种是自然生态系统根际土壤微生物群落中常见的持久真菌(Lidia et al.， 2011)。其中，T. harzianum、T. virens、T. asperellum、T. koningii和T. hamatum定殖于根和根际，每个物种的一些菌株被鉴定为豆类植物生长早期的植物生长促进剂(Hoyos-Carvajal et al.， 2009)。在商业种植条件下，哈兹菌的分离株增加了辣椒和黄瓜幼苗的株高和叶面积，并显著减少了干枯病(Inbar等，1994)。T. virens分离物产生植物生长调节剂、生长素相关化合物，并增强拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)幼苗的生物量和根系生长(ContrerasCornejo等，2009)。T. harzianum和T. vriens的形态和培养特性没有明显差异(Sharma and Singh, 2014)，可以通过ITS基因的分子测序进行准确鉴定(White et al.， 1990)。在我们之前的研究中，从日本佐贺造纸公司2014 - 2016年废弃的废纸污泥堆肥中分离出几种木霉，对它们的纸张降解能力进行了表征。因此，这些分离株可能负责在处理过的废纸中产生纤维素降解酶(纤维素酶)和总粗蛋白质(Peng et al.， 2016)。值得注意的是，目前还没有关于从这种纸污泥堆肥中提取的木霉的特性和利用这些分离物作为促进植物生长和拮抗植物病原真菌的生物资源的可能性的报道。尽管如此,移动电话,
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