Sensitivity to financial rewards and impression management links to smartphone use and dependence

Graham Pluck, Pablo Emilio Barrera Falconi
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Abstract

Computational modeling and brain imaging studies suggest that sensitivity to rewards and behaviorist learning principles partly explain smartphone engagement patterns and potentially smartphone dependence. Responses to a questionnaire, and observational measures of smartphone use were recorded for 121 university students. Each participant was also tested with a laboratory task of reward sensitivity and a test of verbal operant conditioning. Twenty-three percent of the sample had probable smartphone addiction. Using multivariate regression, smartphone use, particularly the number of instant messenger services employed, was shown to be significantly and independently predicted by reward sensitivity (a positive relationship), and by instrumental conditioning (a negative relationship). However, the latter association was driven by a subset of participants who developed declarative knowledge of the response-reinforcer contingency. This suggests a process of impression management driven by experimental demand characteristics, producing goal-directed instrumental behavior not habit-based learning. No other measures of smartphone use, including the self-report scale, were significantly associated with the experimental tasks. We conclude that stronger engagement with smartphones, in particular instant messenger services, may be linked to people being more sensitive to rewarding stimuli, suggestive of a motivational or learning mechanism. We propose that this mechanism could underly problem smartphone use and dependence. It also potentially explains why some aspects of smartphone use, such as habitual actions, appear to be poorly measured by technology-use questionnaires. A serendipitous secondary finding confirmed that smartphone use reflected active self-presentation. Our ‘conditioning’ task-induced this behavior in the laboratory and could be used in social-cognition experimental studies.
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对经济奖励和印象管理的敏感性与智能手机的使用和依赖有关
计算建模和脑成像研究表明,对奖励的敏感性和行为主义学习原则在一定程度上解释了智能手机的参与模式和潜在的智能手机依赖。研究人员对121名大学生的智能手机使用情况进行了问卷调查和观察。每位参与者还接受了一项奖励敏感性的实验室任务和一项言语操作性条件反射测试。23%的样本可能对智能手机上瘾。使用多元回归,智能手机的使用,特别是使用即时通讯服务的数量,被证明是奖励敏感性(正相关)和工具条件反射(负相关)的显著和独立预测。然而,后一种关联是由一小部分参与者驱动的,他们发展了对响应强化偶然性的陈述性知识。这表明一个由实验需求特征驱动的印象管理过程,产生目标导向的工具行为,而不是基于习惯的学习。包括自我报告量表在内的其他智能手机使用指标与实验任务没有显著关联。我们的结论是,更频繁地使用智能手机,特别是即时通讯服务,可能与人们对奖励刺激更敏感有关,这暗示了一种动机或学习机制。我们认为这种机制可能会对智能手机的使用和依赖产生潜在的问题。这也可能解释了为什么智能手机使用的某些方面,比如习惯性行为,似乎很难通过技术使用问卷来衡量。一个偶然的次要发现证实了智能手机的使用反映了积极的自我表现。我们的“条件反射”任务在实验室中诱发了这种行为,可以用于社会认知实验研究。
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来源期刊
Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An Interdisciplinary Journal
Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An Interdisciplinary Journal Psychology-Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
CiteScore
0.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
14
期刊介绍: Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An Interdisciplinary Journal publishes contributions from all areas of cognitive science, focusing on disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to information processing and behavior analysis. We encourage contributions from the following domains: psychology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, linguistics, ethology, anthropology and philosophy of mind. The journal covers empirical studies and theoretical reviews that expand our understanding of cognitive, neural, and behavioral mechanisms. Both fundamental and applied studies are welcomed. On occasions, special issues will be covering particular themes, under the editorship of invited experts.
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