Coupled Diffusion-Deformation-Damage Model for Polymers Used in Hydrogen Infrastructure

Shank S. Kulkarni, K. S. Choi, K. Simmons
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

The soft materials used in the infrastructure of hydrogen storage and distribution systems are vulnerable because exposure to high-pressure hydrogen can lead to mechanical damage and property degradation. Polymers are one of the widely used classes of soft materials within hydrogen infrastructure. Many small cavities exist within the polymer material due to their long molecular chains. When exposed to high-pressure hydrogen gas, the gas diffuses through the polymer material and occupies these cavities. When outside hydrogen pressure reduces suddenly, the hydrogen gas inside the cavities does not get enough time to diffuse out as diffusion is a much slower process. Instead, this trapped gas causes blistering or in extreme cases rapture of polymer material. This phenomenon is also known as rapid decompression failure. In this study, a continuum mechanics-based fully coupled diffusion-deformation model with damage is developed to predict the stress distribution and damage propagation while the polymer undergoes rapid decompression failure. The hyperelastic material model, along with the maximum principal strain failure theory, was chosen for this study as it represents the nonlinear material response with sudden failure observed in uniaxial tensile tests perfectly. EPDM polymer was chosen for this study because of its commercial availability and common use in hydrogen storage and distribution system. It has superior mechanical properties, high and low-temperature resistance, and certain compounds work well in hydrogen gas. Stress concentration was observed on the periphery of the cavity at the point closest to the outside surface which lead to damage initiation at the same location. Also, this work showed that the coefficient of diffusion plays an important role in damage initiation. As the value of the coefficient of diffusion increases, the amount of damage decreases due to the higher coefficient of diffusion ensures a safe passage for trapped hydrogen to escape to the atmosphere. This work is useful for design engineers to alter the parameters while manufacturing polymer composites to increase their performance in a high-pressure hydrogen environment.
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氢基础设施用聚合物的扩散-变形-损伤耦合模型
用于储氢和配氢系统基础设施的软质材料是脆弱的,因为暴露在高压氢气中会导致机械损伤和性能退化。聚合物是氢基础设施中广泛使用的软材料之一。由于高分子材料的分子链很长,因此存在许多小的空腔。当暴露于高压氢气时,气体会扩散穿过聚合物材料并占据这些空腔。当外部氢气压力突然降低时,空腔内的氢气没有足够的时间扩散出去,因为扩散的过程要慢得多。相反,这些被困住的气体会导致聚合物材料起泡或在极端情况下破裂。这种现象也被称为快速减压失败。为了预测聚合物快速减压破坏过程中的应力分布和损伤扩展,建立了基于连续介质力学的含损伤扩散-变形全耦合模型。本研究选择超弹性材料模型和最大主应变破坏理论,因为它很好地反映了单轴拉伸试验中观察到的材料在突然破坏时的非线性响应。选择三元乙丙橡胶聚合物作为研究对象,是因为三元乙丙橡胶在储氢和配氢系统中有广泛的应用。它具有优越的机械性能,耐高温和低温,某些化合物在氢气中工作良好。在离外表面最近的空腔外围点上观察到应力集中,导致在同一位置产生损伤。研究还表明,扩散系数在损伤起爆过程中起着重要的作用。随着扩散系数的增大,损伤量减小,因为较高的扩散系数保证了被困氢逸出到大气中的安全通道。这项工作有助于设计工程师在制造聚合物复合材料时改变参数,以提高其在高压氢气环境中的性能。
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