A Stacked-Inverter Ring Oscillator for 50 mV Fully-Integrated Cold-Start of Energy Harvesters

Soumya Bose, M. Johnston
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引用次数: 19

Abstract

Energy harvesting from ambient sources, such as body temperature, is an attractive solution for powering battery-less wearable electronics used for healthcare diagnostics. While feasible from an energy standpoint, initial start-up of an energy harvesting circuit from a millivolt-level thermoelectric generator output poses a particular challenge. One approach to boosting such a low input voltage is to use a low-voltage oscillator to start up a higher voltage DC-DC converter. In this work, we demonstrate a modified ring-oscillator architecture using a stacked three-inverter delay element, which can generate self-sustained oscillation from an input supply voltage as low as 50 mV. Compared to inductor-based on-chip oscillators or those using native transistors, this architecture significantly reduces circuit area and expands process compatibility. The start-up oscillator is implemented in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process and comprises 21 stages; it generates a clock of frequency 9.5 kHz with a 86% voltage swing from an input supply voltage of 50 mV, while occupying less than 0.003 mm2 and consuming 818 pW.
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用于50 mV能量采集器全集成冷启动的堆叠逆变器环形振荡器
从环境源(如体温)收集能量,对于为医疗诊断中使用的无电池可穿戴电子设备供电是一种有吸引力的解决方案。虽然从能量的角度来看是可行的,但从毫伏级热电发电机输出的能量收集电路的初始启动提出了一个特殊的挑战。提高如此低输入电压的一种方法是使用低压振荡器启动更高电压的DC-DC转换器。在这项工作中,我们展示了一种改进的环形振荡器结构,使用堆叠的三逆变器延迟元件,可以在低至50 mV的输入电源电压下产生自持续振荡。与基于电感的片上振荡器或使用本机晶体管的振荡器相比,该架构显着减少了电路面积并扩展了工艺兼容性。启动振荡器采用标准的0.18 μm CMOS工艺,包括21级;它产生频率为9.5 kHz的时钟,电压摆幅为86%,输入电源电压为50 mV,而占用面积小于0.003 mm2,功耗为818 pW。
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