Diagnosis and management of hypertension understanding imperative role of various biomarkers

Abstract

As hypertension, almost 90% of cases of hypertension with an unknown origin called essential hypertension, continue to be one of the most important risk factors for various fatal health conditions, its early diagnosis using trustworthy biomarkers to predict, diagnose, and monitor the therapeutic progress of hypertension is proving to be of utmost importance for the preventive as well as curative purpose of various health hazards. A rise in the activity of biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction and blood lipids, notablyLow-density lipoprotein (LDL) andverylow-density lipoprotein(VLDL)measurements, and inflammation markers including C-reactive protein(CRP), cytokines, and adhesion molecules are linked to the development of hypertension. Growth and differentiation factor-15, red cell distribution width, uric acid, creatinine, inflammatory markers including interleukin-6, angiopoietins, and microRNAs are prognostic indicators in individuals with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).The most extensively used blood markers for portal hypertension (PH) are the fibrosis-4 index and the improved liver fibrosis test. Likewise, Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), liver/SSMs and Plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) being clinically significant tools to assess for PH. Along with Copeptin, serum levels of uric acid, potassium, and sodium may be crucial for the identification and monitoring of hypertension in pediatrics.Similarly, the severity of gestational hypertension correlates with hyperuricemia, elevated CRP, and interleukin-1 serum levels. Here, in this study, literature on biomarkers has been reviewed which are versatile diagnostic tools posing that influence healthcare professionals’ judgment and assist in patient education regarding diagnosis, prognosis, early detection, and treatment intervention.