The Polylingual Tables of Vasily Zhukovsky’s Initial Course of Study in the Context of Children’s Board Games of the F irst Half of the 19th Century

IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Tekst Kniga Knigoizdanie-Text Book Publishing Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI:10.17223/23062061/27/4
N. Panina
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Abstract

In the early 1850s, Vasily Zhukovsky develops tables with drawings of objects and phenomena and their coded names in four languages. The consistent use of visual didactics in them looks quite innovative against the background of textbooks of the time. The tables are part of the Initial Course of Study, which Zhukovsky was developing in the last years of his life. By that time he had already accumulated considerable experience in teaching Russian as a foreign language on the basis of his own handmade visual aids. Most of the tables are filled with plotlike images, but some also contain symbols, diagrams and maps. The variety of plot and composition solutions in the drawings deserves special attention. This specifically concerns plots, which are independent and developed. The drawings contain details which considerably supplement the basic meaning of the word, they are obviously designed for close examination, comparison and interpretation. The visual emphasis on letters and pictures seems to qualify the manual developed by Zhukovsky as a polylingual picture book, but the usual aims and objectives of an ABC book are here considerably more complicated. The textbook has many more parallels with the board games of that time. It can be seen as an organic continuation of the tradition of “useful” family board games as it displays affinity with them not only at the level of visual and spatial solution, visual and tactile form, but also at the level of mechanisms of interaction of a child with the handbook. It is in the sphere of board games that Zhukovsky finds means to solve the tasks of visual learning set by leading European teachers; such learning would lead a child from sensually perceived concreteness to the formation of concepts. The greatest parallels with Zhukovsky’s tables are found, firstly, in games with ruled cardboard fields. Secondly, word games (charades, rebuses, riddles) clearly influenced the development of the tables. The tables use all the principal advantages of board games in terms of visual learning: bright visual, tactile and spatial landmarks, compact information transfer in the form of diagrams and symbols, informative richness of all game elements, a variety of visual elements. Games on a ruled cardboard field also have plots, though manipulation with the field and chips, acquaintance with drawings and texts in squares on the field in such games always realize a very simple plot. Since for Zhukovsky the main plot a child should be introduced to in the learning process was the universal connection of concepts, the fields of tables, drawings and names extracted by decoding should lead a pupil towards an understanding of the relationship between objects and phenomena of this world. Within the framework of the emblematic tradition, which was still alive in Russian culture in the first half of the 19th century and which Zhukovsky never set out to destroy or overcome, interpretations of combinations of concepts and images presented in his tables had to develop freely, obeying a chain of individual associations of a pupil. At the same time, these associations were guided in the right direction because the structure of the visual series predetermined the child’s actions. The comparison of elements within one cell was followed by the comparison of cells of one column, one row, the table as a whole and the whole complex of tables. In this way, a child progressed towards generalisations; s/he was guided by the logic of the mnemonic construction of the Initial Course of Study that showed the relationship between facts of history, geography, physics, natural history, art history, etc.
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19世纪上半叶儿童桌游语境下的茹科夫斯基初级课程中的多语表
19世纪50年代早期,瓦西里·茹科夫斯基(Vasily Zhukovsky)用四种语言绘制了物体和现象的图表以及它们的代号。在当时的教科书背景下,它们对视觉教学的一贯使用看起来很有创新性。这些表格是茹科夫斯基在他生命的最后几年创作的《初步学习课程》的一部分。到那时,他已经在自己手工制作的视觉教具的基础上积累了相当多的俄语教学经验。大多数表格都充满了类似图表的图像,但也有一些表格包含符号、图表和地图。图纸中各种各样的情节和构图方案值得特别注意。这特别涉及到情节,情节是独立和发展的。这些图纸包含的细节大大补充了这个词的基本含义,它们显然是为了仔细检查、比较和解释而设计的。视觉上对字母和图片的强调似乎使茹科夫斯基开发的手册有资格成为一本多语言图画书,但一本ABC书的通常目的和目标在这里要复杂得多。这本教科书与当时的棋盘游戏有更多相似之处。它可以被看作是“有用的”家庭桌面游戏传统的有机延续,因为它不仅在视觉和空间解决方案、视觉和触觉形式的层面上,而且在儿童与手册的互动机制的层面上,都表现出了与家庭桌面游戏的亲和力。正是在棋盘游戏领域,茹科夫斯基找到了解决欧洲顶尖教师所设定的视觉学习任务的方法;这样的学习将引导孩子从感官感知的具体性到概念的形成。与茹科夫斯基的表格最大的相似之处,首先是在有规则的纸板场的游戏中。其次,文字游戏(猜字游戏、哑谜、谜语)明显影响了桌球的发展。这些表格利用了桌面游戏在视觉学习方面的所有主要优势:明亮的视觉,触觉和空间地标,以图表和符号形式的紧凑信息传递,所有游戏元素的信息丰富性,各种视觉元素。在棋盘棋盘上的游戏也有情节,尽管在这类游戏中,对棋盘和筹码的操纵,对棋盘上的图画和文字的熟悉,总是能实现一个非常简单的情节。因为对于茹科夫斯基来说,孩子在学习过程中应该被引入的主要情节是概念的普遍联系,通过解码提取的表格、图画和名字的领域应该引导学生理解这个世界上的物体和现象之间的关系。在象征传统的框架内,这种传统在19世纪上半叶的俄罗斯文化中仍然存在,茹科夫斯基从未打算破坏或克服它,对他的表格中呈现的概念和图像组合的解释必须自由发展,服从学生的个人联想链。与此同时,这些联想被引导到正确的方向,因为视觉系列的结构预先决定了孩子的行为。在比较一个单元格内的元素之后,再比较一列、一行、整个表和整个表复合体的单元格。通过这种方式,一个孩子向概括发展;他/她在《基础课程》的记忆构建逻辑的指导下,展示了历史、地理、物理、自然历史、艺术史等事实之间的关系。
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Tekst Kniga Knigoizdanie-Text Book Publishing
Tekst Kniga Knigoizdanie-Text Book Publishing HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
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