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Standards in Russian book publishing: Features of application and implementation 俄语图书出版标准:应用与实施的特点
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17223/23062061/30/9
O. Klimova, I. Plotnikova
The article examines modern publishing standards in force on the territory of the Russian Federation, provides the list of the most important GOST standards for employees of the publishing sector, names the causes of non-compliance by Russian publishers with the standards in the preparation of book products, and shows ways to resolve the current situation. The conditions for the putting of GOST standards into effect, the complexity of their application, and the contradictions between them are analyzed. The article raises the problem of searching for updated GOST standards and/or those put into effect instead of outdated ones, and the question about the recommendatory nature of the standards, which allows unscrupulous publishers to violate GOST standards with impunit. The authors believe that, in order to speak about the high culture of editions and publications in Russia, it is necessary to regard the SIBID standards as mandatory requirements. On the basis of the undertaken analysis of the practice of applying the standards in the Russian book publishing, the expediency of applying the existing standards, adapting them to the modern publishing environment, etc., options for interaction between GOST developers and practical publishers, ways to consolidate the professional publishing community on the basis of the RBC platform in order to discuss topical issues of book publishing, testing new and updated GOST standards, refining of the existing standards by practical publishers are proposed. The authors of the article believe that the possibility of such a dialogue will improve the situation with Russian book publishing and will quickly remove contradictions in the GOSTs because only the compliance with publishing standards will allow publishers to maintain a high publication culture and book quality, and therefore will contribute to the creation of the professional image in the publishing industry and the publishing house reputation as a whole. The authors are convinced that it is necessary to have an open access to information about the introduced GOST standards at the stage of their development/implementation/testing, to indicate the developers of the standards, and to give an opportunity of giving a feedback to them (which means the creation of a centralized system of interaction within the professional community (e.g., on the RBC website)); that the changes in the standards should become predictable, expected and systematic, allowing to gradually introduce new standards and promptly make corrections to GOST before it is put into effect. All the theoretical provisions of the article are supported by the real examples from publishing practice. Also, as a part of the undertaken research, a survey was conducted among the students of the Ural Federal University (Yekaterinburg) related by the nature of their future activities to the SIBID standards. The survey has shown that there is currently an urgent need to involve practitioners in the developmen
本文审查了俄罗斯联邦境内现行的现代出版标准,为出版部门的雇员提供了最重要的GOST标准清单,列出了俄罗斯出版商在编写图书产品时不遵守标准的原因,并指出了解决目前情况的方法。分析了GOST标准实施的条件、应用的复杂性以及两者之间的矛盾。本文提出了搜索更新的GOST标准和(或)已生效的GOST标准而不是过时的标准的问题,以及标准的推荐性问题,这使得不道德的出版商违反GOST标准而不受惩罚。作者认为,为了谈论俄罗斯的高级版本和出版物文化,有必要将SIBID标准视为强制性要求。在对俄罗斯图书出版应用标准的实践、应用现有标准的便捷性、使其适应现代出版环境等进行分析的基础上,对GOST开发者和实际出版商之间的互动选择、在RBC平台上巩固专业出版社区以讨论图书出版的热点问题、测试新的和更新的GOST标准的方法进行了分析。建议由实际出版商对现有标准进行完善。本文的作者认为,这种对话的可能性将改善与俄罗斯图书出版的状况,并将迅速消除gost中的矛盾,因为只有遵守出版标准,才能使出版商保持较高的出版文化和图书质量,从而有助于出版业专业形象的塑造和出版社整体声誉的提高。作者确信,有必要在其开发/实施/测试阶段开放获取有关引入的GOST标准的信息,指出标准的开发人员,并提供给他们反馈的机会(这意味着在专业社区内创建一个集中的互动系统(例如,在RBC网站上));标准的修订应具有可预测性、可预期性和系统性,以便逐步引入新标准,并在GOST生效前及时对其进行修正。文章的所有理论规定都有出版实践的实例支持。此外,作为所进行研究的一部分,在乌拉尔联邦大学(叶卡捷琳堡)的学生中进行了一项调查,根据他们未来活动的性质与SIBID标准有关。调查显示,目前迫切需要让从业人员参与制定新的GOST标准。作者声明没有利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
The world market of digital educational editions: Development prospects 数字教育版本的世界市场:发展前景
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17223/23062061/28/9
V. Bal, Polina B. Skidan
The article discusses the changes in the educational publications market under the influence of digital transformation. Expansion of the diversity of digital devices, changes in the needs of the target audience, and the development of new educational practices contribute to the emergence and growth of new niches in the global market of educational publications. The study of the market of digital educational products in different countries shows that many factors influence the level of its development. These factors are the government policy, the level of IT technology in the country, and the competitive environment in this niche in the market of a particular country. Moreover, the quality of the competitive environment and the interest of technology companies have a greater impact than the government policy. Two strategies for the production of electronic educational products in the modern world market stand out and are illustrated by examples: publishing isolationism and production tandems with technology companies. A classification of three models of electronic textbooks is proposed based on the analysis of educational publications in the natural sciences representing countries with emerging markets for electronic textbooks: the United States, Russia, and Finland. The first model is the presentation of electronic textbooks in PDF format. Textbooks in this version are the original mockup of a printed textbook. The second model is based on the printed form of the textbook, distributed in EPUB 3 format through the publisher’s own publishing software or affiliate applications. Multimedia and interactive materials in such textbooks are not mandatory, but complementary, and they are included in the textbook via pop-ups. The third model is a publication that was originally created only in electronic format. Often, such textbooks are components of a digital educational environment that provides electronic exchange of tasks, collective performance of laboratory works, interdisciplinary connection of educational material in various disciplines, etc. The study of the most relevant and innovative offers on the market of such countries as the USA, the UK, Spain, Denmark, Russia, and Finland shows four promising areas in the preparation of textbooks in the EdTech field. These are (1) artificial intelligence manuals, (2) tools of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality, (3) computer games with educational potential, and (4) programming platforms. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
本文论述了数字化转型影响下教育出版物市场的变化。数码设备的多样化、目标读者需求的变化以及新的教育实践的发展,促使全球教育出版物市场出现和发展新的利基市场。对各国数字教育产品市场的研究表明,影响其发展水平的因素很多。这些因素是政府政策,国家的IT技术水平,以及特定国家市场中这个利基的竞争环境。此外,竞争环境的质量和科技公司的利益比政府政策的影响更大。在现代世界市场上,电子教育产品的两种生产策略引人注目,并举例说明:出版孤立主义和与技术公司合作生产。基于对自然科学教育出版物的分析,提出了三种电子教科书模式的分类,这些出版物代表了电子教科书新兴市场的国家:美国、俄罗斯和芬兰。第一种模式是以PDF格式呈现电子教科书。这个版本的教科书是印刷教科书的原始模型。第二种模式是基于教科书的印刷形式,通过出版商自己的出版软件或附属应用程序以EPUB 3格式分发。这些教材中的多媒体和互动材料不是强制性的,而是补充性的,它们通过弹出窗口被包含在教材中。第三种模式是最初仅以电子格式创建的出版物。通常,这些教科书是数字教育环境的组成部分,提供任务的电子交换,实验室工作的集体表现,不同学科的教育材料的跨学科连接等。对美国、英国、西班牙、丹麦、俄罗斯和芬兰等国市场上最相关和最具创新性的报价的研究显示,在教育技术领域编写教科书方面有四个有前途的领域。这些是(1)人工智能手册,(2)虚拟、增强和混合现实工具,(3)具有教育潜力的电脑游戏,以及(4)编程平台。作者的贡献:作者对本文的贡献是平等的。作者声明没有利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Maxim Gorky’s last publishing project: The History of the Village in the context of the writer’s other projects of the 1930s 马克西姆·高尔基的最后一个出版项目:在20世纪30年代作家其他项目的背景下出版的《村庄的历史》
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17223/23062061/29/4
L. V. Sumatokhina
Maxim Gorky’s unrealized publishing project History of the Village was the last in a series of the writer’s ideas, such as the History of the Civil War, the History of Factories and Plants, the History of Cities, etc. The idea of the History of the Village took shape in February 1935, when work was already underway on other projects. Gorky’s first ideas related in one way or another to the History of the Village appeared in the early 1930s: the history of agriculture, the history of the peasant. In the 1930s, the idea of writing the history of collective farms and state farms by analogy with the History of Factories and Plants came not only to Gorky: such initiatives came from a variety of sources. At the beginning of 1934, the idea of a peasant project was discussed in the Gorky House. During 1934, the Kolkhoznik magazine was created, and the Biblioteka Kolkhoznika (Library of the Collective Farmer) book series was conceived, which later became part of the History of the Village. Gorky’s article “History of the Village”, published in the central newspapers at the end of February 1935, should be considered the beginning of the work on the project. It took a month and a half to develop a detailed project plan and structure, and to select key employees. A special feature of the structure of the History of the Village was the combination of two types of book series: actual historical and literary-artistic. In terms of content, there is a connection between the History of the Village and the projects History of the Civil War, History of Factories and Plants, History of Cities. The editorial board of the History of the Village decided to start working on books on the history of the village Platovskaya (the birthplace of S.M. Budyonny), the village Gulyai-pole (the birthplace of N.I. Makhno), the Bessarabian commune named after G.I. Kotovsky. They also decided to start developing the history of 50 to 60 collective and state farms. However, Gorky was much more interested in the history of settlements and villages. He thought of the History of the Village by analogy with his other project, the History of Cities. The idea to create such a series appeared at the end of 1931. Active work on it began in 1933 in the Academia publishing house, which was headed by L.B. Kamenev. Speaking of the History of Cities, Gorky necessarily includes the peasant theme in the course of his thoughts. Gorky selected the same sources to work on projects. The plan of the History of the Village contained an item “history of the city (for the village)”. Initially, the History of Cities was called the History of Cities as the History of Russian life”. The second part of this title is the semantic core that unites both projects. Gorky understood life broadly - as culture, a complex of everyday life that forms a certain type of a person. We can say that the History of the Village was to continue and supplement the History of Cities project. Moreover, after the murder of S.M. Kirov o
马克西姆·高尔基未实现的出版计划《村代史》是他一系列构想的最后一部,这些构想包括《内战史》、《工厂史》、《城市史》等。《村史》的构思于1935年2月成形,当时其他项目已经在进行中。高尔基的第一个思想或多或少与《村史》有关,出现在20世纪30年代初:农业的历史,农民的历史。在20世纪30年代,以《工厂和植物的历史》为参照来撰写集体农场和国营农场历史的想法不仅来自高尔基:这样的倡议来自各种各样的来源。1934年初,高尔基住宅讨论了农民项目的想法。1934年,《Kolkhoznik》杂志创刊,《集体农民图书馆》(Biblioteka Kolkhoznika)系列丛书被构思出来,后来成为《村史》的一部分。1935年2月底在中央报纸上发表的高尔基的文章《村庄的历史》应该被认为是这个工程的开始。我们花了一个半月的时间来制定详细的项目计划和结构,并选择关键员工。《村史》结构的一个特点是实史和文艺两类丛书的结合。在内容上,《村庄的历史》与《内战的历史》、《工厂和植物的历史》、《城市的历史》等项目有联系。《村庄历史》的编辑委员会决定开始编写关于普拉托夫斯卡亚村(S.M.布多尼的出生地)、古利埃-波尔村(N.I. Makhno的出生地)、以G.I.科托夫斯基命名的比萨拉比亚公社的历史的书籍。他们还决定开始发展50到60个集体和国营农场的历史。然而,高尔基对定居点和村庄的历史更感兴趣。他把《村庄的历史》和他的另一个项目《城市的历史》相提并论。创作这样一个系列的想法出现在1931年底。1933年,加米涅夫(L.B. Kamenev)领导的学术出版社开始积极开展这方面的工作。谈及《城市史》,高尔基的思想必然包含农民主题。高尔基选择了同样的资源来进行项目。《村庄历史》的平面图中有一项是“城市(为村庄)的历史”。最初,《城市史》被称为《作为俄罗斯生活史的城市史》。本标题的第二部分是将两个项目联合起来的语义核心。高尔基对生活的理解很宽泛——作为一种文化,一种日常生活的综合体,形成了某种类型的人。可以说,《村寨史》是对《城市史》项目的延续和补充。此外,在1934年12月1日S.M.基洛夫被谋杀和L.B.加米涅夫被指控参与这一政治罪行被捕之后,学术出版社陷入了困境,《城市史》受到了质疑。高尔基的计划没有实现,就像这位作家在20世纪30年代的大多数其他出版计划一样。作者声明没有利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
“The poet’s inimitable breath”: The word in the practice of creating an artist’s book by Mikhail Pogarsky “诗人的独特气息”:米哈伊尔·波加尔斯基在创作一本艺术家的书时用的一个词
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17223/23062061/29/8
Anna V. Frolova
In contemporary Russian book culture, a special place belongs to such a phenomenon as the artist’s book. Having a long history of development, at the beginning of the 21st century, it is often correlated with the idea of overcoming the postmodernist mentality. The most characteristic example of this kind is the theoretical and practical study of the artist’s book by Mikhail Pogarsky. In the Phenomenon of Artist's Book (2013, 2014) and the Artist's Book [+] (2015), Pogarsky makes an attempt to fit the artist’s book into the modern cultural paradigm. He thinks of the artist’s book as a manifestation of a new artistic worldview, “artlibria”, which is characterized by a complex multilevel perception and transformation of reality. The artist’s book by Pogarsky corresponds to the idea of “total synthesis”: it integrates the old and the new, the verbal and the visual, the virtual and the real, fulfilling the main goal of the worldview - overcoming chaos and “assembling the world”. By connecting word and image, the artist opens up limitless opportunities for creative self-expression and includes the viewer-reader in the active process of unraveling and creating meanings. The artist’s book is characterized by a change in the status of the text, a rethinking of the correlation between the verbal and the visual. The text becomes a source of creative metamorphosis, predetermines the selection of visual objects. The idea of the artist’s book is embodied by both literary means and signs of culture. Important is its visual solution; spaces selected for the demonstration of such a book can also actualize additional meanings. Pogarsky’s works demonstrate different ways of incorporating text into the artist’s book, allowing us to speak about the principal absence of a correlation, set once and for all, between the verbal and the visual. The book The Element and the Wind (1996) embodies the principle of superposition of meanings, the correlation of different sides of artistic reception, which is characteristic of the artist’s book. In Pogarsky’s practice, the principle of the so-called “moment-form” becomes a notable method of including text in the artist’s book. This principle is realized in the book Labyrinths of Dreams (2000) and is reduced to a refusal of the set sequence of fragments of the text, and for the reader-viewer the sequence will also be casual. This open nature of the artist’s book makes it a way of an autonomous statement, offering a special artistic optics, combining verbal and object-visual planes. The viewer-reader is included not only in the process of unraveling the artist’s book, but also in the wide semantic field of culture. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
在当代俄罗斯图书文化中,艺术家图书这一现象占有特殊的地位。它有着悠久的发展历史,在21世纪初,它往往与克服后现代主义思维的思想联系在一起。最典型的例子是对米哈伊尔·波加尔斯基(Mikhail Pogarsky)的艺术家著作的理论和实践研究。在《艺术家的书的现象》(2013、2014)和《艺术家的书》[+](2015)中,波加斯基尝试将艺术家的书融入现代文化范式。他认为艺术家的书是一种新的艺术世界观“艺术图书馆”的表现,这种世界观的特点是对现实的复杂的多层次感知和转化。艺术家Pogarsky的这本书符合“全面综合”的理念:它整合了旧与新,语言与视觉,虚拟与真实,实现了世界观的主要目标-克服混乱和“组装世界”。通过文字和图像的连接,艺术家为创造性的自我表达开辟了无限的机会,并将观众-读者纳入了解开和创造意义的主动过程中。艺术家的书的特点是文本状态的改变,重新思考语言和视觉之间的关系。文本成为创作变形的源泉,预先决定了视觉对象的选择。艺术家的书的理念既体现在文学手段上,也体现在文化符号上。重要的是其视觉解决方案;为展示这样一本书而选择的空间也可以实现额外的意义。波加斯基的作品展示了将文本融入艺术家作品的不同方式,使我们能够谈论语言和视觉之间的相关性的主要缺失,一劳永逸。《元素与风》(The Element and The Wind, 1996)体现了意义叠加的原则,体现了艺术接受的不同方面的关联,这是艺术家作品的特点。在Pogarsky的实践中,所谓的“瞬间形式”原则成为艺术家在书中包含文本的一种显著方法。这一原则在《梦的迷宫》(labyrinth of Dreams, 2000)一书中得以实现,并被简化为对文本片段的既定顺序的拒绝,对于读者-观众来说,这个顺序也将是随意的。艺术家的书的这种开放性使它成为一种自主陈述的方式,提供了一种特殊的艺术光学,结合了语言和物体视觉的平面。观众-读者不仅被包括在解开艺术家的书的过程中,而且也被包括在广阔的文化语义场域中。作者声明没有利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
The Collected Works of Vladimir Narbut: Archives, texts, and approaches 弗拉基米尔·纳伯特作品集:档案、文本和方法
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17223/23062061/28/8
Roman R. Kozhukharov
The last lifetime poetry collection of Vladimir Narbut was published in 1922. Started by the poet in the 1930s, work on the preparation of the book of selected poems Spiral was interrupted by his arrest and, subsequently, tragic death in Kolyma in 1938. Since then, separate editions of Narbut’s works have been published three times: in 1983 the poet Leonid Chertkov compiled a collection Vladimir Narbut. Selected Poems in France; in 1990 N. Panchenko and N. Byalosinskaya published the book Vladimir Narbut. Poems in the USSR; in 2018 the OGI publishing house published the book Vladimir Narbut. Collected Works. Poems, Translations, Prose. The third, latest in nearly a hundred years, reference to the works of one of the most distinctive poets of the era in the context of preparing a separate collection of his oeuvre actualized the issue of developing approaches to be guided by when compiling the forthcoming collection. The key element here seemed to be the comprehension of the experience of preparing the previous separate editions of 1983 and 1990, as well as the scientifically commented publications of Narbut’s works made by researchers in the literary periodicals of the late 20th - early 21st centuries. The closest correlation of the tragic ups and downs of Narbut’s life with the “geological upheaval” of the 1917 Revolution and the Civil War led to the ambiguous dependence of the posthumous fate of the poet’s creative heritage on the context of the era, diametrically opposed and mutually exclusive attitudes in the perception of key events in Russian and world history of the 20th century. The preparation of Narbut’s collected works was planned in the interconnection of two directions: (1) the continuation of work to eliminate the “blank spots” in the poet’s biography, and (2) the formation of the most complete collection of Narbut’s fiction for the first time supplemented, in addition to poetic texts, with prose and translations. In preparation for the publication of Narbut’s literary texts included in the collected works, the issue of using a real commentary as the main approach in preparing notes was updated, taking into account the biographical, historical, literary, folklore, mythological, and linguistic aspects. Directions were set by the thorough work that began in the 1983 edition, and especially in the 1990 edition. The bulk of research on Narbutov’s texts and biographical facts was carried out in the funds of the Odessa Literary Museum and the Odessa National Library named after A.M. Gorky (Odessa periodicals of the 1920s), in state and private archives and funds of Moscow, including the Manuscript Department, the main and newspaper funds of the Russian State Library, in the department of manuscripts of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts, in the archives of the Federal Security Service, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, the State Archive of the Russian Federation.
弗拉基米尔·纳布的最后一部诗集出版于1922年。他于20世纪30年代开始编写《螺旋》诗集,但因他被捕而中断,并于1938年在科雷马不幸去世。从那以后,纳伯特作品的单独版本出版了三次:1983年,诗人列昂尼德·切尔特科夫(Leonid Chertkov)汇编了一本《弗拉基米尔·纳伯特》(Vladimir Narbut)。《法国诗选》;1990年,N. Panchenko和N. Byalosinskaya出版了《Vladimir Narbut》一书。苏联的诗歌;2018年,OGI出版社出版了《弗拉基米尔·纳布》一书。收集工作。诗歌,翻译,散文。第三,也是近一百年来的最后一次,在准备一个单独的诗人作品集的背景下,参考了那个时代最具特色的诗人之一的作品,实现了在编写即将出版的作品集时发展方法的问题。这里的关键因素似乎是对准备1983年和1990年之前的单独版本的经验的理解,以及研究人员在20世纪末至21世纪初的文学期刊上发表的对纳伯特作品的科学评论出版物。纳伯特一生悲剧性的起起落落与1917年革命和内战的“地质剧变”密切相关,导致了诗人创作遗产的死后命运对时代背景的模糊依赖,在对20世纪俄罗斯和世界历史关键事件的看法上,这是截然相反和相互排斥的态度。纳伯特文集的准备工作是在两个方向的相互联系中进行的:(1)继续工作,以消除诗人传记中的“空白点”;(2)除了诗歌文本外,第一次补充了散文和翻译,形成了纳伯特最完整的小说集。在准备出版纳伯特文集中的文学文本时,考虑到传记、历史、文学、民间传说、神话和语言方面,更新了使用真实评论作为准备笔记的主要方法的问题。从1983年的版本开始,特别是在1990年的版本中,全面的工作确定了方向。对纳布托夫的文本和传记事实的大量研究是在敖德萨文学博物馆和以A.M.命名的敖德萨国家图书馆的基金中进行的高尔基(20世纪20年代敖德萨期刊),在莫斯科的国家和私人档案馆和基金中,包括手稿部,俄罗斯国家图书馆的主要和报纸基金,俄罗斯国家文学和艺术档案馆的手稿部,联邦安全局的档案,俄罗斯国家社会政治史档案馆,俄罗斯联邦国家档案馆。
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引用次数: 0
Armenian book advertising: Peculiarities of development in Tiflis (1801-1865) 亚美尼亚图书广告:第比利斯发展的特点(1801-1865)
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17223/23062061/28/6
Taron Danielyan
The factors that influenced the development of Armenian advertising of books are examined in the article. Using the comparative historical and grouping methods, the author shows that the formation of Armenian book advertising in Tiflis was mainly similar to the development of book advertising in other provinces of the Russian Empire, but it had some peculiarities that were primarily due to the absence of Armenian statehood for many centuries. The decentralized Armenian publishing and bookselling structures were scattered, but their various components were integrated in the same system and influenced the formation of advertising communication, which made Armenian book advertising in Tiflis acquired more social in essence. The advertising was aimed at a purely ethnic cultural space, which was also influenced by the multicultural environment of Tiflis and the policy of the supreme power of the Russian Empire and its representation in the Caucasus in relation to the peoples of the region. The main emphasis of Armenian book advertising was placed on the educational and enlightenment functions of the book with the aim of integrating the divided people into one cultural communication space. Thus, advertising materialized and established the spiritual needs of the people. The Armenian book market formed very slowly, which was due to the illiteracy of the population’s majority, the difficulty of Old Armenian in which most of the books were published, the slow formation of Eastern Armenian literary language from various dialects, the fiction’s slow pace of development, the lack of good-quality translations of European literature, and the high cost of books. In the first half of the 19th century, the system of book advertising in Tiflis was institutionalised, which was due to the formation of publishing and bookselling markets as well as the types and ways of communication. The publishing sponsorship and the buying of books became a type of book advertising, and book advertising itself became a means of personal advertisement that aimed to popularize the personality and social status of the patron. The tradition of patronage contributed to sales of books because charitable investments were compensated with awards or by raising the social status of sponsors: the book was not only an item for advertising but also a means to advertise various individuals. If, until the 19th century, the patronage of the publication and distribution of Armenian manuscripts or books was based on a personal motive, and patriotism was expressed in the monumental preservation of the name of the book sponsor or orderer in the historical memory of the people, in the 19th century, under the tsarist regime, sponsorship had more pragmatic goals.
本文考察了影响亚美尼亚图书广告发展的因素。运用比较历史和分组的方法,作者认为第比利斯地区亚美尼亚图书广告的形成与俄罗斯帝国其他省份图书广告的发展基本相似,但由于几个世纪以来亚美尼亚国家地位的缺失,它有一些特殊性。分散的亚美尼亚出版和图书销售结构是分散的,但它们的各个组成部分被整合在同一个系统中,并影响了广告传播的形成,这使得第比利斯的亚美尼亚图书广告在本质上获得了更多的社会性。广告的目标是一个纯粹的民族文化空间,这也受到第比利斯的多元文化环境和俄罗斯帝国最高权力的政策及其在高加索地区与该地区人民的关系的影响。亚美尼亚图书广告的主要重点放在书籍的教育和启蒙功能上,目的是将分裂的人们融入一个文化交流空间。因此,广告物化并确立了人们的精神需求。亚美尼亚图书市场的形成非常缓慢,这是由于大多数人口不识字,大多数书籍都是用旧亚美尼亚语出版的,东部亚美尼亚文学语言从各种方言形成缓慢,小说发展速度缓慢,缺乏高质量的欧洲文学翻译,以及书籍的高成本。19世纪上半叶,第比利斯的图书广告制度已经制度化,这与出版和图书销售市场的形成以及传播的类型和方式有关。赞助出版、购买图书成为图书广告的一种形式,图书广告本身也成为一种个人广告的手段,目的在于宣传读者的个性和社会地位。赞助的传统有助于书籍的销售,因为慈善投资得到奖励或通过提高赞助者的社会地位来补偿:书籍不仅是广告的物品,而且是为各种个人做广告的手段。如果说,直到19世纪,赞助亚美尼亚手稿或书籍的出版和发行是基于个人动机,爱国主义是通过在人民的历史记忆中不朽地保存书籍赞助者或订购者的名字来表达的,那么在19世纪,在沙皇政权下,赞助有更实际的目标。
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引用次数: 0
The Petersburg text in Vospominaniya by Mstislav Dobuzhinsky 《Vospominaniya》中的彼得堡文本,作者是Mstislav Dobuzhinsky
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17223/23062061/29/3
Alyona V. Galkova
Mstislav Dobuzhinsky (1875-1957) was one of the members of the artistic movement Mir Iskusstva, a cityscape painter, book illustrator, scene designer, and also wrote memoirs. He had been writing his Vospominaniya [Recollections] for over 30 years, from the mid-1920s to his death in 1957. Emigration, home-sickness, author’s intention to relive the foretime stipulate the specificity of the text’s chronotope, which is mainly related to Petersburg. Dobuzhinsky idealized the image of Petersburg in Vospominaniya. I determine the specificity of Petersburg’s chronotope and describe the interconnections between the delineation of Petersburg and its verbal image in the text. The theme of depicting Petersburg highlights Dobuzhinsky’s artworks. Dobuzhinsky perceived Petersburg as a piece of art and focused on his own visual interpretation of the city. His attitude to Petersburg metamorphosed with the autobiographic main character’s acquisition of new art techniques and artistic devices from works of Alexandre Benois and E. T. A. Hoffmann. Petersburg’s chronotope is multifaceted in the text: it is a real historical cityscape, a happy childhood time, an object of visual art of the autobiographic main character, and also a space of author mystification. The main character perceives Petersburg and the Petersburg text through the prism of works of Alexander Pushkin and Fyodor Dostoevsky. The city becomes the author’s ideal. It is the space that combines the features of the beautiful and the ugly, which determined the antinomy of the Petersburg text. Petersburg is fantastic, it has an infernal theme, an evil principle inherent in the city: in inclement weather, the main character had nightmares in the streets and petty demons coming out of the cracks. The narrator recognizes the city as an inspired creature hostile to man, the main character himself is confronted with a peculiar manifestation of Petersburg’s metaphysical fear. In the narration, Petersburg reflected the various features inherent in the image of the city in Dobuzhinsky’s artworks with their aestheticism, tragedy, lyricism, irony, philosophy, and sentimentality. Petersburg in Vospominaniya concentrates different real and unreal meanings. The autobiographic main character teeters on the brink of his historical real-life time and space and unreal time and space created by literature texts and pieces of visual art that compensate the need for comprehending the city’s soul. Petersburg in the text is a complex ambivalent space, saturated with cultural codes, reflected by the cognizing consciousness that acts systematically and transforms the main character’s inner world. The theme of depicting Petersburg allows the author-narrator to reveal the general approach to his pictorial art, rethink some aspects of artistic activity, and verbalize the visual representation of the city. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
Mstislav Dobuzhinsky(1875-1957)是艺术运动Mir Iskusstva的成员之一,他是城市风景画家、书籍插画家、场景设计师,也写回忆录。从20世纪20年代中期到1957年去世,他已经写了30多年的《Vospominaniya》。移民、思乡、作者重温旧时的意图决定了文本时序的专一性,主要与彼得堡有关。多布任斯基在《沃斯波米尼亚》中将彼得堡的形象理想化了。我确定了彼得堡的时代表的特殊性,并描述了彼得堡的描绘和文本中的口头形象之间的相互联系。描绘彼得堡的主题突出了多布任斯基的艺术作品。多布任斯基将彼得堡视为一件艺术品,并专注于自己对这座城市的视觉诠释。随着主人公从贝努瓦和霍夫曼的作品中获得新的艺术技巧和艺术手段,他对彼得堡的态度也发生了变化。彼得堡的时表在文本中具有多面性:它是真实的历史城市景观,是快乐的童年时光,是自传体主角的视觉艺术对象,也是作者的神秘空间。主人公通过普希金和陀思妥耶夫斯基作品的棱镜来感知彼得堡和彼得堡文本。城市成为了作者的理想。正是这个空间结合了美与丑的特征,决定了彼得堡文本的矛盾性。彼得堡是奇妙的,它有一个地狱的主题,一个城市固有的邪恶原则:在恶劣的天气里,主角在街上做噩梦,小恶魔从裂缝里钻出来。叙述者认为这个城市是一个与人类敌对的受启发的生物,主角自己也面临着彼得堡形而上学恐惧的特殊表现。在叙述中,彼得堡以唯美主义、悲剧主义、抒情主义、反讽主义、哲学主义、感伤主义等体现了多布任斯基作品中城市形象所固有的各种特征。圣彼得堡在沃斯波米尼亚集中了不同的真实和虚幻的意义。自传体的主人公在他的历史现实时空和虚幻时空的边缘摇摇欲坠,这些时空是由文学文本和视觉艺术作品创造的,它们弥补了理解城市灵魂的需要。文本中的彼得堡是一个复杂的矛盾空间,充满了文化符码,反映在认知意识上,这种认知意识系统地作用并改变了主人公的内心世界。描绘彼得堡的主题使作者-叙述者揭示了他的绘画艺术的一般方法,重新思考艺术活动的某些方面,并将城市的视觉表现语言化。作者声明没有利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Smith, E. (2020) This Is Shakespeare. The most erotic comedy, the most dramatic tragedy, men burned by shame, cardboard villains, feminists, show business stars and more (Translated from English by M.G. Sukhotina. Moscow: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber) 书评:Smith, E. (2020) This Is Shakespeare。最色情的喜剧,最戏剧性的悲剧,被羞耻烧毁的男人,纸板恶棍,女权主义者,演艺界明星等等(由M.G.苏霍蒂娜翻译)。莫斯科:曼,伊万诺夫和费伯)
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17223/23062061/28/11
N. Erofeeva, E. V. Kirichuk
Modern literary criticism offers the reader a whole sphere of Shakespearean studies based on the ideas of historical poetics. In accordance with the latter, we understand the images and problems of dramas, comedies and tragedies of the great English playwright in the key of romantic, symbolist, psychoanalytic, and other interpretations. Emma Smith offers a relevant reading of Shakespeare’s texts, based on theatrical productions and film adaptations of his works in the 20th and 21st centuries. The actualization of the Shakespearean heritage is being implemented in modern theater and cinema as an attempt to bring the complex and diverse content of the writer’s tragedies and comedies closer to mass culture. As a result, there appears the effect of inversion, of a break-off with the deep philosophical problems of the Shakespeare theater. The chapters of the book somehow address the problem of interpretation -contemporary with Shakespeare and with our time. The author’s arsenal includes psychology and psychoanalysis, cultural and sociological approaches, which are combined with the actual philological analysis of plays. However, the book discusses the evolution of themes and genres the least. The works chosen for the analysis are well known to readers and experts. The book includes 20 chapters, each dedicated to one play. We stress that, in the educational process, this structure is very convenient because it draws one’s attention to the work as much as possible and allows determining one’s own perception, consent or disagreement with the author of the book. This feature has been tested in practical work with students in classes on Shakespeare’s works. We analyze all the interpretations of Shakespeare’s tragedies and comedies, both modern and historical, given in Smith’s book. The author of the book is interested, first of all, in topical approaches to understanding the plays of the English playwright, this is dictated by the very aim of the study - to interest the reader and show Shakespeare as our contemporary. The author of the book speaks a modern language with her reader, relying on the experience of attracting both wide readers and experts to reading Shakespeare’s works. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
现代文学批评为读者提供了一个基于历史诗学思想的莎士比亚研究的整个领域。在此基础上,我们以浪漫主义、象征主义、精神分析等多种解读方式来理解这位伟大的英国剧作家的戏剧、喜剧和悲剧的形象和问题。艾玛·史密斯根据20世纪和21世纪莎士比亚作品的戏剧作品和电影改编,为读者提供了莎士比亚作品的相关阅读。莎士比亚遗产的实现在现代戏剧和电影中得以实施,试图使作家悲剧和喜剧的复杂多样的内容更接近大众文化。因此,出现了一种颠倒的效果,一种与莎士比亚戏剧深刻的哲学问题决裂的效果。这本书的章节在某种程度上解决了解释的问题——与莎士比亚和我们的时代同时代。作者的武器库包括心理学和精神分析,文化和社会学的方法,这些方法与戏剧的实际语言学分析相结合。然而,这本书讨论的主题和体裁的演变最少。为分析所选择的作品为读者和专家所熟知。这本书共有20章,每一章专门讲述一部戏剧。我们强调,在教育过程中,这种结构非常方便,因为它尽可能地将一个人的注意力吸引到作品上,并允许一个人决定自己的看法,同意或不同意这本书的作者。这一特点已经在莎士比亚作品课上的学生中得到了实际测试。我们分析了史密斯书中对莎士比亚悲剧和喜剧的所有解读,包括现代的和历史的。首先,这本书的作者对理解这位英国剧作家戏剧的主题方法很感兴趣,这正是这项研究的目的——引起读者的兴趣,并向我们展示当代的莎士比亚。这本书的作者依靠吸引广大读者和专家阅读莎士比亚作品的经验,用现代语言与读者交谈。作者的贡献:作者对本文的贡献是平等的。作者声明没有利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
The text of readers’ comments on works of literature as a source of studying the national cultural code 读者对文学作品的评论文本是研究民族文化密码的一个来源
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17223/23062061/30/6
E. Diner, Yulia V. Buldakova
The search for spiritual guidelines that can unite Russian society at the current stage of its development requires multifaceted research aimed at solving the problem of preserving traditional moral values in a global world. This actualizes the study of the national cultural code as the basis of the value orientations of the individual, the system of meanings common to the whole nation. The issue of the national cultural code is currently being actively studied and included in the interdisciplinary scientific field. The most promising direction can be considered the identification of aspects of the national cultural code that determine the moral and behavioral type of a modern Russian. The key to solving this issue is the definition of approaches to the choice of empirical material, as well as the choice of methods for its processing, systematization and generalization. The article contains the results of the study, the purpose of which was the theoretical and empirical substantiation of: (a) the possibility of using readers’ comments on works of literature as a source for studying the national cultural code; (b) the choice of digital humanities methods as the basis for processing the corpus of experimental material. The research problems were solved on the basis of a theoretical analysis of studies on the relationship between the national language system and the unique cultural code of the individual; a study of a significant body of empirical material (7 000 texts of comments); and based on their realities of the modern communication space, which is characterized by globalization and the use of Internet technologies. As a result, it has been found that textual comments on works of literature posted by users in the network space are representative, since they indicate the reflex or conscious need of the individual to determine their national identity, to express their attitude to national values. The analysis of the empirical material has shown that the study of the national cultural code in the modern scientific space must be carried out using the methods of digital humanities, which allow processing an arbitrarily large corpus of elements, highlighting key nouns that are necessary to characterize certain aspects of the cultural code, evaluate them, and also template phrases that lead to the loss of meanings, but at the same time showing the level of understanding and translation of the cultural code by an individual. The theoretical analysis has shown that the preservation and change of the semantics of the elements of the cultural code occurs in accordance with evolutionary principles, the principles of dialectics: values that allow a nation to maintain its identity under certain conditions remain unchanged, and elements introduced as a result of intercultural communications may be subject to correction in order to preserve the adaptive capabilities of culture and national identity. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
寻求能够使俄罗斯社会在其发展的当前阶段团结起来的精神准则,需要多方面的研究,旨在解决在全球世界中保存传统道德价值的问题。这就实现了对民族文化符码的研究,将其作为个体价值取向的基础,作为整个民族共有的意义体系。目前正在积极研究国家文化法典问题,并将其纳入跨学科的科学领域。最有希望的方向可以被认为是确定决定现代俄罗斯人道德和行为类型的国家文化规范的各个方面。解决这一问题的关键是确定经验材料选择的途径,以及选择对其进行处理、系统化和泛化的方法。本文包含了研究的结果,其目的是在理论上和实证上证实:(a)将读者对文学作品的评论作为研究国家文化密码的来源的可能性;(b)选择数字人文方法作为处理实验材料语料库的基础。在对民族语言系统与个体独特文化密码关系研究进行理论分析的基础上,解决了研究问题;对大量实证材料(7000篇评论文本)的研究;以全球化和互联网技术的使用为特征的现代传播空间的现实为基础。因此,我们发现用户在网络空间发布的文学作品的文本评论具有代表性,因为它们表明了个体对确定其民族身份的反射或有意识的需要,表达了其对民族价值观的态度。对经验材料的分析表明,在现代科学空间中对国家文化密码的研究必须使用数字人文学科的方法进行,这种方法允许处理任意大的元素语料库,突出表征文化密码某些方面所必需的关键名词,并对其进行评估,以及模板短语导致意义丧失。但同时也显示了一个人对文化密码的理解和翻译水平。理论分析表明,文化密码要素语义的保存和变化是按照进化原则发生的,辩证法原则是:允许一个民族在一定条件下保持其身份的价值观保持不变,而作为跨文化交际结果引入的要素可能会受到纠正,以保持文化和民族身份的适应能力。作者声明没有利益冲突。
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引用次数: 1
Post-Soviet history in the “mirror” of literature: Experience in narrative analysis 文学“镜子”中的后苏联历史:叙事分析中的经验
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17223/23062061/30/2
Natalya V. Oturgasheva
Narrative analysis of literary works enables to interpret present-day narrative texts in all their multi-level depth making use of the tools accumulated in science -especially if those texts concern current and topical political events, which are usually spoken about in the language of media discourse. Change in the state (inner and outer) and presence of a narrator having his/her personal viewpoint and, consequently, the specific language of his/her message are signs of a narrative structure. The subject for consideration in this article based on Zakhkhok by Vladimir Medvedev and To Live On by Narine Abgaryan is key levels of the narrative text organization needed for such analysis. The texts chosen for the research are similar in subject matter (military conflicts in the post-Soviet space caused by the collapse of the USSR) and in the author’s strategy - to include characters’ personal destinies into the social history of the country and further to try and conceive them as part of the cultural code of the nation. The peculiarity of the author’s view is the awareness of war not as a completed event but as a still lasting state, which permeates, deforms and destroys people’s destinies as well as destinies of whole nations. In Medvedev’s novel those are mainly voices of young men, immediate participants of the turbulence, that are heard; in Abgaryan’s book those are voices of Armenian women, mothers, wives, and widows. Medvedev’s style is tougher and more dynamic, collision unfolding before our eyes. In Abgaryan’s story the plot is not that important: all key events were in the past, and characters are just recalling them. The code of the narrative discourse specified by the narrator’s type determines the stylistics of the text, the nature of action, the interpretation of events: they rapidly change one another by means of the efforts of the narrators who were placed in the centre of military and domestic conflicts in Medvedev’s novel. Abgaryan’s characters are slow and quiet, their long and difficult life gives them hard-won wisdom to accept reality as it is in its bitter completeness. Personal dramas of the characters are involved in the overall tragedy of the whole nation which goes beyond a specific era; this enables the author to reveal the ethno-cultural determinants of the narrative identity. Common grief can be overcome by means of love, work, patience and the cultural capital which manifests itself in people’s mentality and way of life and makes it possible for them to survive and gain a new cultural identity. Collective tragedy (social history), which opens to a reader through the characters’ destinies (personal narrative), becomes part of epic history (meta-narrative). This author’s strategy gives the stories told a timeless scale and ontological depth. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
文学作品的叙事分析能够利用科学积累的工具,在所有多层次的深度上解释当今的叙事文本,特别是如果这些文本涉及当前和热门的政治事件,这些事件通常用媒体话语的语言来谈论。叙述者的状态(内在的和外在的)变化和他/她个人观点的存在,以及他/她的信息的特定语言,都是叙事结构的标志。本文以弗拉基米尔·梅德韦杰夫的《扎克霍克》和纳琳·阿布加里安的《继续生存》为基础,考察的主题是这种分析所需的叙事文本组织的关键层面。研究选择的文本在主题(苏联解体后苏联空间的军事冲突)和作者的策略上都是相似的——将人物的个人命运纳入国家的社会历史,并进一步尝试将其视为国家文化代码的一部分。作者观点的独特之处在于,他意识到战争不是一个已经完成的事件,而是一种仍然持续的状态,它渗透、变形和破坏着人们的命运,也破坏着整个民族的命运。在梅德韦杰夫的小说中,这些主要是年轻人的声音,他们是动荡的直接参与者,他们被听到了;在Abgaryan的书中,这些都是亚美尼亚妇女、母亲、妻子和寡妇的声音。梅德韦杰夫的风格更强硬,更有活力,冲突在我们眼前展开。在Abgaryan的故事中,情节并不那么重要:所有的关键事件都发生在过去,人物只是在回忆它们。叙述者类型所指定的叙事话语的代码决定了文本的文体,行为的本质,事件的解释:它们通过叙述者的努力迅速改变彼此,叙述者在梅德韦杰夫的小说中被置于军事和国内冲突的中心。阿伯加里安笔下的人物缓慢而安静,他们漫长而艰难的生活给了他们来之不易的智慧,让他们接受现实,因为它是苦涩的完整。人物的个人戏剧涉及到超越特定时代的整个民族的整体悲剧;这使得作者能够揭示叙事认同的民族文化决定因素。共同的悲伤可以通过爱、工作、耐心和文化资本来克服,文化资本体现在人们的心态和生活方式中,使他们有可能生存并获得新的文化认同。集体悲剧(社会历史)通过人物的命运(个人叙事)向读者敞开,成为史诗历史(元叙事)的一部分。作者的策略赋予了故事永恒的尺度和本体的深度。作者声明没有利益冲突。
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