Key Principles of Differential Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus Types in Young Patients

Abstract

Aim: To study peculiarities of various types of diabetes mellitus (DM) in young patients. Key points. In patients with DM onset in young age, it is challenging to correctly identify the DM type, therefore, it is essential to know the peculiarities of the onset and progression of each type. DM1 patients present with severe pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Slow immunemediated DM is diagnosed in the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, but without any need to use insulin for 1 year after the diagnosis. DM2 is characterised with normal or elevated C-peptide levels, absence of antibodies, and presence of some signs of metabolic syndrome. In young patients, DM with autosomal dominant inheritance can be verified, which is caused by pathogenic mutations in associated genes — MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young). Conclusion. A review of literature demonstrates the need in thorough differential diagnosis of a DM type if young patients present with hyperglycaemia. Keywords: slow immune-mediated diabetes mellitus, MODY, diabetes mellitus, young patients.