Features of grain productivity formation of winter rye (Secale cereal L.) depending on nitrogen fertilizers

Yu. V. Bezsusidnia
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Abstract

Topicality. Determination the complex influence of predecessors, sowing dates and mineral nutrition on the grain productivity of modern winter rye varieties is relevant, since it allows to more fully reveal the biological potential of plants and significantly increase the winter rye yield in the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Issues. Winter rye is an important and valuable crop. However, in recent years, due to significant climatic changes in the Steppe zone, research on the optimization of technological methods of its cultivation was practically not conducted. Thus, the current problem in crop production is to determine the complex influence of predecessors, sowing dates and fertilizers on the productivity formation of modern winter rye varieties in order to more fully use the biological potential of plants. This task has both practical and theoretical significance. Purpose. To study the peculiarities of the grain productivity formation of different winter rye varieties depending on the predecessors, sowing dates and the level of mineral nutrition in the soil and climatic conditions of the Northern Steppe. Materials and methods. During 2019–2021, we conducted the research on the basis of the Research Farm "Dnipro" of the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine. The research was conducted in a four-factor field trial. Stoir and Pamiat Khudoierka varieties of winter rye were sown at different sowing dates: early (September 5–10), optimal (September 20–25) and late (October 5–10). The predecessors were spring barley and sunflower, level of mineral nutrition was different. Results. In the years of our studies, weather conditions were characterized by high variability compared to long-term average data. The distribution of precipitation by months and periods of the year was rather uneven. Winter rye yield formation occurs as a result of complex interaction of productivity elements. The research clearly traced the variability in the formation of the number of productive stems per unit area and grain weight per head in plants of different winter rye varieties under the influence of weather conditions, predecessors, sowing dates and level of mineral nutrition. Thus, the maximum number of productive stems of winter rye (520 pcs/m2) was obtained in the variant after spring barley with nitrogen fertilization when Stoir variety was sown on September 20–25. When this variety was sown on September 5–10, the number of productive stems decreased by 2.7 %, and by 11.9 % for sowing on October 5–10. A similar trend was also observed in areas where winter rye was grown after sunflower. According to the research results, it was established that plant dressing with nitrogen (N45) in early spring on freeze-thawed soil increased the winter rye grain yield after spring barley by 0.11–1.05 t/ha, after sunflower – by 1.15–1.43 t/ha compared to plots where fertilizers were not applied. Conclusions. It was found that the maximum number of productive stems per area unit (520 pcs/m2) was formed by winter rye plants of the Stoir variety at sowing on September 20–25 after spring barley with application of nitrogen fertilizers. Plants of the Stoir and Pamiat Khudoierka varieties formed the largest grain weight per head 1.25 and 1.23 g, respectively. Among the winter rye varieties, Stoir variety had the maximum grain productivity when sowing was carried out on September 20–25. On average over the years of research, the highest yield was obtained in the variants with nitrogen fertilization on freeze-thawed soil after spring barley – 6.47 t/ha, after sunflower – 5.03 t/ha. In these vari-ants of the field trial, Pamiat Khudoierka variety also provided the highest level of productivity – 6.17 and 4.72 t/ha, respectively. Keywords: winter rye, varieties, fertilizers, crop dressing, yield.
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氮肥对冬黑麦籽粒生产力形成的影响
时事性。确定前代作物、播种日期和矿物质营养对现代冬季黑麦品种粮食生产力的复杂影响是有意义的,因为它可以更充分地揭示植物的生物潜力,并显著提高乌克兰草原地区冬季黑麦的产量。问题。冬麦是一种重要的、有价值的作物。但近年来,由于草原地区气候变化明显,对其栽培技术方法的优化研究几乎没有开展。因此,确定前代、播期和肥料对现代冬黑麦品种生产力形成的复杂影响,以便更充分地利用植物的生物潜能,是当前作物生产中的问题。本课题具有现实意义和理论意义。目的。研究北方草原不同冬黑麦品种籽粒生产力形成的特点,与前人、播期、土壤矿质营养水平及气候条件有关。材料和方法。在2019-2021年期间,我们在乌克兰国家农业科学院粮食作物国有企业研究所“第聂伯罗”研究农场进行了研究。这项研究是在一个四因素的现场试验中进行的。冬黑麦品种斯托尔和帕米亚分别在早播期(9月5-10日)、优播期(9月20-25日)和晚播期(10月5-10日)播种。其前身为春大麦和向日葵,矿质营养水平不同。结果。在我们多年的研究中,与长期平均数据相比,天气条件的特点是变化很大。降水的月份和时期分布相当不均匀。冬麦产量的形成是生产要素复杂相互作用的结果。本研究清晰地追踪了不同冬黑麦品种在天气条件、前代、播期和矿质营养水平的影响下,单株生产茎数和单株粒重形成的变异。因此,9月20 ~ 25日施斯托尔品种播种时,施氮的春大麦之后,冬黑麦生产茎数最多(520 pcs/m2)。9月5-10日播种时,有效茎数减少2.7%,10月5-10日播种时,有效茎数减少11.9%。在向日葵之后种植冬黑麦的地区也观察到类似的趋势。研究结果表明,在冻融土壤上,早春施氮(N45)可使冬麦籽粒产量比不施氮肥的地块提高0.11 ~ 1.05 t/ha,春大麦后比不施氮肥的地块提高1.15 ~ 1.43 t/ha。结论。结果表明,施氮后,施氮后9月20 ~ 25日,施氮后施氮的施冬黑麦植株每面积生产茎数最多(520 pcs/m2)。Stoir和Pamiat品种籽粒重最大,分别为1.25和1.23 g。冬麦品种中,9月20 ~ 25日播种时,斯托尔品种籽粒产量最高。历年研究平均来看,冻融土壤施氮变异产量最高的品种为春大麦(6.47 t/ha)和向日葵(5.03 t/ha)。在田间试验的这些品种中,Pamiat Khudoierka品种也提供了最高的生产力水平,分别为6.17和4.72吨/公顷。关键词:冬黑麦;品种;肥料;
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Evaluation of maize hybrids for resistance to major diseases and pests in the conditions of the southwestern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine The effectiveness of the growth regulators and microfertilizers in fertilization of maize in the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine Evaluation of source material for sweet maize by the main breeding characteristics Evaluation of sainfoin (Onobrychis) in the source material nursery according to new selection criteria at the initial stages of organogenesis Pathogenic complex and recovery of cereal agrocenoses in the Steppe of Ukraine
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