Hypertension, Gender, Older Age, and Their Relationships with COVID-19 Mortality: Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona­virus 2 (SARSCoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of coronavirus that has never been pre­vi­ously identified in humans. Globally, 213 countries (as of August 11, 2020) are facing serious consequences from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to ana­lyze the magnitude of the relationship of hyper­tension, gender, and older age to COVID-19 mortality with a meta-analysis study. Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by follow­ing the PRISMA flow diagram. The article search process is carried out through a journal database which includes: PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and PMC Europe by selecting articles published in 2020-2021. The keywords used included: “sex” OR “gender” AND “older age” AND “hypertension” AND “mortality” OR “death” OR “fatal outcome” OR “Predictors outcome” OR “Impact” AND “coro­navirus” OR “Covid-19” OR “SARS-COV-2” OR “2019 n-Cov” OR “severe acute respira­tory syn­drome related coronavirus”. The inclu­sion cri­teria were full text articles with a retro­spec­tive cohort study design. The article is in English, and the analysis used is multivariate with adjusted Odds Ratio. Eligible articles were analyzed using the Revman 5.3 app. Results: A total of 20 articles were reviewed in this study. A meta-analysis of 10 retrospective cohort studies showed that hypertension increased COVID-19 mortality by 1.40 times compared with no hypertension (aOR= 1.40; 95% CI= 1.04 to 1.89; p = 0.030). A meta-ana­lysis of 10 retrospective cohort studies showed that males had a 1.42 times increased risk of COVID-19 mortality compared to females (aOR= 1.42; 95% CI= 1.20 to 1.67; p<0.001). Meta-analysis of 7 retrospective cohort studies showed that old age has a 3.42 times increased risk of COVID-19 death compared to younger age (aOR=4.15; 95% CI= 2.35 to 7.32; p <0.001). Conclusion: Hypertension, gender, and old age increase the risk of dying from COVID-19. Keywords: Hypertension, Gender, Old Age, COVID-19 Death, Meta-analysis Correspondence:  Annissa Devi Permata. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami, 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: 96annissadevipermata@­gmail.com Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2021), 06(01): 98-111 https://doi.org/10.­26911­/jepublic­health.2021.06.01.10