Impact of Natural Gas Exploration and Production on Mercury Concentrations in Surface Sediment of the Gulf of Thailand

Abstract

More than two decades that the Gulf of Thailand (GOT) has been installed with petroleum hydrocarbon production platforms, currently over 400 platforms were installed and operated. Since mercury is a common contaminant in petroleum hydrocarbon production in Southeast Asia, minimal risk and environmental integrity should be concerned. Mercury concentration in surface sediment collected from the Gulf of Thailand in 2003 (89 stations), 2012 (174 stations) and 2013 (45 stations). Sedimentological characteristics, readily oxidizable organic carbon and calcium carbonate were determined. All analyses were carried out in our laboratory using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results show an increase in trace amount of mercury in the Gulf's sediment. Average concentrations of mercury in surface sediments in the lower GOT collected in 2003, 2012 and 2013 were 24.4±9.00, 34.9±21.5 and 41.4±15.3 μg/kg dry weight (carbonate free basis). It is coincident to an increment in the number of platforms for natural gas exploration and production in the Gulf of Thailand. Spatial distribution of mercury in the sediments indicates a clearly linked to the exploration, development, production, and processing in petroleum and gas operation. Although the elevation of mercury level in the GOT's sediment does not showed high risk yet, treating and recycling of mercury contaminated substances generated during production are required in order to minimize the health risk in consumption of seafood collecting from the GOT.