Fundus camera versus smartphone camera attachment: image quality analysis

Abstract

Fundus cameras are the current clinical standard for capturing retinal images, which are used to diagnose a variety of sight-threatening conditions. Traditional fundus cameras are not easily transported, making them unsuitable for field use. In addition, traditional fundus cameras are expensive. Due to this, a variety of technologies have been developed such as the D-EYE Digital Ophthalmoscope (D-EYE Srl, Padova, Italy) which is compatible with various cellphone cameras. This paper reports on the comparison of the image quality of the Nidek RS-330 OCT Retina Scan Duo (Nidek, Tokyo, Japan) and the D-EYE paired with an iPhone 6 (Apple, Cupertino, USA). Twenty-one participants were enrolled in the study of whom 14 underwent nonmydriatic and mydriatic imaging with the D-EYE and the Nidek. Seven participants underwent nonmydriatic imaging with the D-EYE and the Nidek. The images were co-registered and cropped so that the region of interest was equal in both the D-EYE and Nidek images, as the D-EYE had a smaller field of view. Using the Nidek image as the reference, objective full-reference image quality analysis was performed. Metrics such as structural similarity index and peak signal noise ratio were obtained. It was found that the image quality of the D-EYE is limited by the attached iPhone camera, and is lower when compared to the Nidek. Quantification of the differences between the D-EYE and Nidek allows for targeted development of smartphone camera attachments that can help to bridge the current gap in image quality.