Difficulty-as-Improvement: The Courage to Keep Going in the Face of Life's Difficulties.

IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-02 DOI:10.1177/01461672231153680
Veronica X Yan, Daphna Oyserman, Gülnaz Kiper, Mohammad Atari
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Abstract

When a task or goal is hard to think about or do, people can infer that it is a waste of their time (difficulty-as-impossibility) or valuable to them (difficulty-as-importance). Separate from chosen tasks and goals, life can present unchosen difficulties. Building on identity-based motivation theory, people can see these as opportunities for self-betterment (difficulty-as-improvement). People use this language when they recall or communicate about difficulties (autobiographical memories, Study 1; "Common Crawl" corpus, Study 2). Our difficulty mindset measures are culture-general (Australia, Canada, China, India, Iran, New Zealand, Turkey, the United States, Studies 3-15, N = 3,532). People in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD)-er countries slightly agree with difficulty-as-improvement. Religious, spiritual, conservative people, believers in karma and a just world, and people from less-WEIRD countries score higher. People who endorse difficulty-as-importance see themselves as conscientious, virtuous, and leading lives of purpose. So do endorsers of difficulty-as-improvement-who also see themselves as optimists (all scores lower for difficulty-as-impossibility endorsers).

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困难即进步:面对人生困境继续前进的勇气》。
当一项任务或目标难以思考或实现时,人们会推断它是在浪费他们的时间(困难即不可能),或者对他们来说是有价值的(困难即重要)。除了选定的任务和目标之外,生活中还会出现一些未选定的困难。在基于身份的动机理论基础上,人们可以把这些困难看作是提升自我的机会(困难即提升)。人们在回忆或交流困难时会使用这种语言(自传体记忆,研究 1;"共同爬行 "语料库,研究 2)。我们的 "困难心态 "测量是针对不同文化的(澳大利亚、加拿大、中国、印度、伊朗、新西兰、土耳其、美国,研究 3-15,N=3,532)。西方、受过教育、工业化、富裕、民主(WEIRD)国家的人略微同意 "困难即进步 "的观点。宗教、精神、保守、相信因果报应和公正世界的人,以及来自 "WEIRD "程度较低国家的人得分较高。赞同 "困难即重要性 "的人认为自己有良知、有美德、生活有目标。支持 "困难即改进 "的人也是如此,他们也认为自己是乐观主义者(支持 "困难即不可能 "的人得分较低)。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
9.20
自引率
5.00%
发文量
116
期刊介绍: The Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin is the official journal for the Society of Personality and Social Psychology. The journal is an international outlet for original empirical papers in all areas of personality and social psychology.
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