Transcriptomic analysis reveals hub genes and pathways in response to acetic acid stress in Kluyveromyces marxianus during high-temperature ethanol fermentation.

The thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus is known for its potential in high-temperature ethanol fermentation, yet it suffers from excess acetic acid production at elevated temperatures, which hinders ethanol production. To better understand how the yeast responds to acetic acid stress during high-temperature ethanol fermentation, this study investigated its transcriptomic changes under this condition. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched gene ontology (GO) terms and pathways under acetic acid stress. The results showed that 611 genes were differentially expressed, and GO and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that acetic acid stress promoted protein catabolism but repressed protein synthesis during high-temperature fermentation. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were also constructed based on the interactions between proteins coded by the DEGs. Hub genes and key modules in the PPI networks were identified, providing insight into the mechanisms of this yeast's response to acetic acid stress. The findings suggest that the decrease in ethanol production is caused by the imbalance between protein catabolism and protein synthesis. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of K. marxianus's response to acetic acid stress and highlights the importance of maintaining a proper balance between protein catabolism and protein synthesis for high-temperature ethanol fermentation.