{"title":"长期财政激励与女儿投资:来自北印度有条件现金转移的证据","authors":"N. Sinha, J. Yoong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1354883","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Since the early 1990s, several states in India have introduced financial incentive programs to discourage son preference among parents and encourage investment in daughters' education and health. This study evaluates one such program in the state of Haryana, Apni Beti Apna Dhan (Our Daughter, Our Wealth). Since 1994, eligible parents in Haryana have been offered a financial incentive if they give birth to a daughter. The incentive consists of an immediate cash grant and a long-term savings bond redeemable on the daughter's 18th birthday provided she is unmarried, with additional bonuses for education. Although no specific program participation data are available, we estimate early intent-to-treat program effects on mothers (sex ratio among live children, fertility preferences) and children (mother's use of antenatal care, survival, nutritional status, immunization, schooling) using statewide household survey data on fertility and child health, and constructing proxies for household and individual program eligibility. The results based on this limited data imply that Apni Beti Apna Dhan had a positive effect on the sex ratio of living children, but inconclusive effects on mothers' preferences for having female children as well as total desired fertility. The findings also show that parents increased their investment in daughters' human capital as a result of the program. Families made greater post-natal health investments in eligible girls, with some mixed evidence of improving health status in the short and medium term. Further evidence also suggests that the early cohort of eligible school-age girls was not significantly more likely to attend school; however, conditional on first attending any school, they may be more likely to continue their education.","PeriodicalId":106212,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2009-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"78","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Long-Term Financial Incentives and Investment in Daughters: Evidence from Conditional Cash Transfers in North India\",\"authors\":\"N. Sinha, J. Yoong\",\"doi\":\"10.2139/ssrn.1354883\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Since the early 1990s, several states in India have introduced financial incentive programs to discourage son preference among parents and encourage investment in daughters' education and health. This study evaluates one such program in the state of Haryana, Apni Beti Apna Dhan (Our Daughter, Our Wealth). Since 1994, eligible parents in Haryana have been offered a financial incentive if they give birth to a daughter. The incentive consists of an immediate cash grant and a long-term savings bond redeemable on the daughter's 18th birthday provided she is unmarried, with additional bonuses for education. Although no specific program participation data are available, we estimate early intent-to-treat program effects on mothers (sex ratio among live children, fertility preferences) and children (mother's use of antenatal care, survival, nutritional status, immunization, schooling) using statewide household survey data on fertility and child health, and constructing proxies for household and individual program eligibility. The results based on this limited data imply that Apni Beti Apna Dhan had a positive effect on the sex ratio of living children, but inconclusive effects on mothers' preferences for having female children as well as total desired fertility. The findings also show that parents increased their investment in daughters' human capital as a result of the program. Families made greater post-natal health investments in eligible girls, with some mixed evidence of improving health status in the short and medium term. 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引用次数: 78
摘要
自20世纪90年代初以来,印度的几个邦推出了财政激励计划,以阻止父母重男轻女,鼓励对女儿的教育和健康进行投资。本研究评估了哈里亚纳邦的一个这样的项目,Apni Beti Apna Dhan(我们的女儿,我们的财富)。自1994年以来,哈里亚纳邦符合条件的父母如果生下女儿,就会得到经济奖励。这项奖励包括一笔即时现金补助和一份长期储蓄债券,如果女儿未婚,可在她18岁生日时赎回,此外还有额外的教育奖金。虽然没有具体的项目参与数据,但我们利用全州范围内关于生育和儿童健康的家庭调查数据,并构建家庭和个人项目资格的代理,估计了早期治疗意向对母亲(活产儿性别比例、生育偏好)和儿童(母亲使用产前护理、存活率、营养状况、免疫接种、上学情况)的影响。基于这些有限数据的结果表明,Apni Beti Apna Dhan对存活儿童的性别比例有积极影响,但对母亲偏好生女孩以及总期望生育率的影响尚无定论。研究结果还表明,由于该项目,父母增加了对女儿人力资本的投资。家庭对符合条件的女孩进行了更多的产后保健投资,短期和中期健康状况有所改善的迹象喜忧参半。进一步的证据还表明,早期符合条件的学龄女童入学的可能性并没有显著增加;然而,有条件的首先进入任何一所学校,他们可能更有可能继续他们的教育。
Long-Term Financial Incentives and Investment in Daughters: Evidence from Conditional Cash Transfers in North India
Since the early 1990s, several states in India have introduced financial incentive programs to discourage son preference among parents and encourage investment in daughters' education and health. This study evaluates one such program in the state of Haryana, Apni Beti Apna Dhan (Our Daughter, Our Wealth). Since 1994, eligible parents in Haryana have been offered a financial incentive if they give birth to a daughter. The incentive consists of an immediate cash grant and a long-term savings bond redeemable on the daughter's 18th birthday provided she is unmarried, with additional bonuses for education. Although no specific program participation data are available, we estimate early intent-to-treat program effects on mothers (sex ratio among live children, fertility preferences) and children (mother's use of antenatal care, survival, nutritional status, immunization, schooling) using statewide household survey data on fertility and child health, and constructing proxies for household and individual program eligibility. The results based on this limited data imply that Apni Beti Apna Dhan had a positive effect on the sex ratio of living children, but inconclusive effects on mothers' preferences for having female children as well as total desired fertility. The findings also show that parents increased their investment in daughters' human capital as a result of the program. Families made greater post-natal health investments in eligible girls, with some mixed evidence of improving health status in the short and medium term. Further evidence also suggests that the early cohort of eligible school-age girls was not significantly more likely to attend school; however, conditional on first attending any school, they may be more likely to continue their education.