Analysis of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Participating in Primary Frequency Control of Hydrothermal Power System at Varying Generation Schedule

The global electric-vehicle market is amped up and still on the rise. Significant reduction in dependence on fossil fuels and reduction in hazardous emissions are contributing to the higher penetration of electric vehicles. The fast active power controllability make Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) an ideal contributor in the frequency regulation of power system. Power system loads are varying in nature and will force partial loading of conventional generating units. The turbine time constant of conventional generating units will change as per its generation schedule and it affects the power contribution of these generating units during frequency events. An aggregate Plug-in Electric Vehicle model is implemented in the considered two-area hydrothermal power system so as to respond to the power variations at different generation schedules of hydrothermal system. Hydrothermal system parameters are optimized using grey wolf optimization which is one of the recent heuristic algorithms employing integral squared error (ISE) based fitness function.