休谟的印象

R. J. Butler
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引用次数: 5

摘要

读休谟的书,看他以敏捷的思维和优雅的文笔探索难以解决的问题,是一件令人愉快的事。具有讽刺意味的是,这两种能力从一开始就相互矛盾,首先是因为在写作方面休谟是一个革新者——在他之前,没有人能如此成功地将法语语法运用到英语和苏格兰语的写作中,尽管他无意中做到了这一点——其次是因为他的风格优雅,思想的微妙之处从他的读者面前流走,读者随后指责他晦涩。他的作品对同时代的人来说是如此深奥,以至于他未能获得他所渴望的文学认可;即使在今天,在他优雅的风格被接受很久之后,帕斯莫尔说,休谟与伯克利相比,“是一只哲学上的小狗,一个接一个地抓住并担心问题,总是在其中留下他的牙印,但当它变得令人厌倦时,就把它扔到一边。”同样,塞尔比-比格在《探究》的引言中说:“他的书页,尤其是《人性论》的书页,内容如此丰富,他以如此多不同的方式和不同的联系说了如此多的事情,对他之前说过的话如此漠不关心,以至于很难肯定地说他教授或没有教授这个或那个特定的教义。”他将同样的原则应用于如此众多的主题,因此在他的陈述中可以发现许多口头上的和一些实际的不一致并不奇怪。他野心勃勃,不羞于用不同的方式说同一件事,同时,他常常是邋遢的,对自己的用词和公式漠不关心。这使得我们很容易在休谟身上找到所有的哲学,或者,通过建立一个说法来反对另一个说法,根本就没有。
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Hume's Impressions
It is a pleasure to read Hume, and to watch him explore recalcitrant problems with agility of mind and grace of style. Ironically these twin abilities have worked against each other from the beginning, in the first place because in the matter of writing Hume was an innovator — nobody before him had so successfully albeit unwittingly adapted French syntax to the writing of English-and-Scottish - and in the second place because on the grace of his style subtleties of thought flow past his readers, who then accuse him of obscurity. So abstruse were his writings to his contemporaries that he failed to achieve the literary recognition for which he craved; and even today, long after the elegance of his style has been received, it is said by Passmore that Hume in contrast to Berkeley ‘was a philosophical puppy-dog, picking up and worrying one problem after another, always leaving his teeth-marks in it, but casting it aside when it threatened to become wearisome.’ Similarly Selby-Bigge says in his introduction to the Enquiries: His pages, especially those of the Treatise, are so full of matter, he says so many things in so many different ways and different connexions, and with so much indifference to what he has said before, that it is very hard to say positively that he taught, or did not teach, this or that particular doctrine. He applies the same principles to such a great variety of subjects that it is not surprising that many verbal, and some real inconsistencies can be found in his statements. He is ambitious rather than shy of saying the same thing in different ways, and at the same time he is often slovenly and indifferent about his words and formulae. This makes it easy to find all philosophies in Hume, or, by setting up one statement against another, none at all.
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