社会保障机制:理论、设计与实践

G. Nwaobi
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引用次数: 1

摘要

从婴儿期到过早衰老,生活在饥饿和身体困难之中;经历了工厂关闭、货币瞬间贬值的经济转型;经历过社会动荡、政治动荡和战争;通过这一切,世界各地社区的贫穷男女不断回到他们对孩子更美好未来的深切渴望。尽管现在是全球空前繁荣的时代,并且存在着一个世界范围的减少贫穷机构网络,但贫穷仍然存在,而且在世界各地某些群体和某些区域中还在加剧。同样,虽然2008年金融危机本质上是全球性的,但它可能在发展中国家内部对福利产生不同的影响,一些国家和一些人比其他国家和人群更容易受到影响。它还可能对一些受影响的人产生持久的影响,特别是在贫困家庭儿童的营养和教育方面。这些特点表明,需要采取有区别的社会政策应对措施,旨在向最需要的人提供快速的收入支持,同时保护贫困人口及其社区的关键物质和人力资产。因此,本文认为,发展中国家应尝试建立机构和筹资机制,以确保采取永久性措施,防止生命周期中发生的正常突发事件。对于那些考虑其他社会保护措施的国家,其选择应取决于所经历的突发事件的性质及其行政和筹资能力。也许,向全能的上帝祈祷仍然是关键的解决方案,因为考虑到社会问题的精神层面(因为正义使一个国家变得崇高,而罪恶是世界上任何国家的耻辱)。
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Social Security Mechanisms: Theories, Design and Practice
Living through hunger and physical hardship from infancy to premature old age; living through economic shifts that close factories and strip currency of its value in an instant; living through social turmoil, political upheaval, and war; through it all, poor men and women in communities around the world keep coming back to their deep longing for a better future for their children. And despite an age of unprecedented global prosperity and the existence of a worldwide network of poverty-reduction institutions, poverty persists and is intensifying among certain groups and in certain regions around the world. Again, while the 2008 financial crisis is global in nature, it is likely to have heterogeneous welfare impacts within the developing world, with some countries and some people more vulnerable than others. It also threatens to have lasting impacts for some of those affected, notably through the nutrition and schooling of children in poor families. These features point to the need for a differentiated social policy response, aiming to provide rapid income support to those in most need, while preserving the key physical and human assets of poor people and their communities. This paper therefore argued that attempts should be made in developing countries to establish institutions and financing mechanisms to assure permanent measures to insure against normal life-cycle contingencies. And for those countries considering alternative social protection measures, the choice should depend on the nature of contingencies experienced and on their administrative and financing capacities. Perhaps, prayer to Almighty God remains the key solution given the spiritual dimension of the social problem under consideration (and since righteousness exalts a nation but sin is a reproach to any nation of the world).
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