美国总统在两极分化的华盛顿:从奥巴马到拜登

Victoria Yu. Zhuravleva
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引用次数: 1

摘要

1960年,美国总统研究领域的领军人物之一、教授兼多位美国总统顾问理查德·纽施塔特(Richard Neustadt)提出了总统权力与国会合作所需的标志性公式——说服、谈判和妥协。但由于政治现实发生了如此深刻的变化,今天只有天才的谈判者才能在两极分化的华盛顿特区履行自己的权力。现代总统应该是立法者和表演者的合体,才能成功地完成自己的使命。根据宪法,美国的立法程序是基于所有参与者之间的共识,而总统和国会都有立法主动权。总统有责任在所有发起者之间达成共识。在政治两极分化时期,传统上一直是这种妥协方式促进者的政党成为主要障碍。从总统候选人到国会议员,他们都是总统最头疼的问题。乔·拜登(Joe Biden)以善于妥协而闻名于白宫。虽然这是他在选民中的优势,但他所在政党的左翼强烈反对他的中间派意识形态。唐纳德•特朗普(Donald Trump)称自己是一位出色的交易撮合者,但他的商业交易经验在两极分化的华盛顿似乎无关紧要。为什么在今天的政治进程中达成共识如此之难?拜登能否像他在就职典礼上承诺的那样,改变这种趋势,让美国重新团结起来?
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American presidents in polarized D.C.: From Barack Obama to Joe Biden
In 1960 one of the leading researchers of the American Presidency, professor and an adviser to a number of US presidents Richard Neustadt formulated the iconic formula where presidential power needed to cooperate with the Congress — persuade, negotiate and compromise. But since political reality has changed so deeply, today only a God gifted negotiator is able to fulfill its power in polarized Washington, D.C. A modern day president should be a legislator and a showman rolled into one to succeed in his mission. According to the Constitution, the American legislative process is based on the consensus between all participants, while both the President and the Congress have the power of legislative initiative. It is the president who is responsible for gaining this consensus between all the initiators. In time of political polarization parties which traditionally had been the facilitators of this way to compromise became the main obstacles. From the presidential ticket to the Congress, they turned out to be the main headache of the president. Joe Biden came to White House with a reputation of being a skilled compromiser. But while it has been his advantage with the electorate, the left wing of his party strongly opposes his centrist ideology. Donald Trump named himself a brilliant deal maker, but his business experience of making deals appeared to be irrelevant in polarized D.C. Why has it turned out to be so hard to bring a consensus to today’s political process? Will Biden be able to change this trend and reunite the Nation as he promised during his inauguration?
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