Experimental Animal Models for Preclinical Investigation of the Bladder Cancer

The current treatments for bladder cancer are unable to substantially avoid the disease's growth and recurrence, which is a serious public health problem. Researchers have explored a variety of approaches in an effort to effectively replicate the pathophysiology of human tumors using experimental tumor models. The investigation of the available models is a necessary tool in order to choose the most appropriate scheme which serves the translation of potential treatments from a primary experimental bench to the clinical settings. The most suitable murine models of bladder cancer should have excellent reproductivity, intravesical predictability, and accessibility in order to facilitate the mechanistic, chemo-preventive, and therapeutic research that can be expanded into clinical trials. This article provides a complete evaluation of both in vitro and in vivo bladder cancer models, comparing their advantages and limitations in urological research.