Building the dream team: children's reactions to virtual agents that model collaborative talk

Intelligent virtual agents have tremendous potential for facilitating collaborative learning by modeling and reinforcing desirable collaborative practices. Despite recent work in this area, the extent to which intelligent virtual agents can facilitate improvements in the collaborative behavior of children is largely unknown. This study employed a wizard-of-oz study design and investigated elementary children's collaborative behavior after interacting with virtual agents. These agents model exploratory talk for upper elementary school dyads, such as asking higher-order questions and listening to their partners. The findings uncover associations between elementary learner dyads' positive changes in collaboration after agent interventions, the dyads' affective reactions to interventions, and their attentiveness to the agents. Our results also reveal associations between positive changes in collaboration and the timing of interventions: for example, earlier interventions had a higher occurrence of positive changes, and positive changes in collaboration typically happened within five seconds of interventions. The results suggest ways in which intelligent virtual agents may be used to promote effective collaborative learning practices for children.