空间polypropulsion

B. Kellett, D. Griffin, R. Bingham, R. N. Campbell, A. Forbes, M. Michaelis
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引用次数: 1

摘要

混合空间推进一直是大多数太空任务的一个特点。只有非常早期的火箭推进实验,如V2,使用单一形式的推进。到50年代末,多级是常规的航天飞机使用三种不同的燃料和火箭发动机。在化学火箭的发展过程中,其他形式的推进正在缓慢地进行测试,无论是理论上的,还是在实践中相对缓慢的。轨道炮和气枪、离子发动机、“弹弓”重力辅助、核能和太阳能、绳索、太阳帆都有一些实际应用。然而,人们所想到的最早的非化学空间推进方式——激光和光子推进——从未在太空中尝试过。尤金·桑格、乔治·马克思、阿瑟·坎特罗维茨、莱克·迈拉博、克劳德·菲普斯和罗伯特·弗伦德的思想仍然与地球有关。本文综述了非化学推进的各种形式及其结果。我们指出,土星以外的任务将受益于对激光推进的态度的改变,以及对混合“多推进”的考虑——也就是说,使用所有可用的火箭“工具”,而不是可能不是最合适的。我们总结了三个实际的例子,两个是未来几十年的,一个是下个世纪的;在空间处理核废料;带着惠更斯号或月球探测器,对木星和土星的卫星进行一次盛大的旅行;最终实现人类最大的太空梦想:机器人探索邻近的行星系统。
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Space polypropulsion
Hybrid space propulsion has been a feature of most space missions. Only the very early rocket propulsion experiments like the V2, employed a single form of propulsion. By the late fifties multi-staging was routine and the Space Shuttle employs three different kinds of fuel and rocket engines. During the development of chemical rockets, other forms of propulsion were being slowly tested, both theoretically and, relatively slowly, in practice. Rail and gas guns, ion engines, “slingshot” gravity assist, nuclear and solar power, tethers, solar sails have all seen some real applications. Yet the earliest type of non-chemical space propulsion to be thought of has never been attempted in space: laser and photon propulsion. The ideas of Eugen Saenger, Georgii Marx, Arthur Kantrowitz, Leik Myrabo, Claude Phipps and Robert Forward remain Earth-bound. In this paper we summarize the various forms of nonchemical propulsion and their results. We point out that missions beyond Saturn would benefit from a change of attitude to laser-propulsion as well as consideration of hybrid “polypropulsion” – which is to say using all the rocket “tools” available rather than possibly not the most appropriate. We conclude with three practical examples, two for the next decades and one for the next century; disposal of nuclear waste in space; a grand tour of the Jovian and Saturnian moons – with Huygens or Lunoxod type, landers; and eventually mankind’s greatest space dream: robotic exploration of neighbouring planetary systems.
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