19世纪60年代的战争和大西洋(美洲和欧洲)

Vitor Izecksohn
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摘要

19世纪60年代,广泛的战争困扰着美洲和欧洲。战争源于对现有政治安排的挑战,并演变成内战或州际暴力。同时,19世纪60年代的经济和技术变革促进了长途通信,例如电报的出现和蒸汽动力的更快传播,有助于传播新闻和分享经验。在整个大西洋,国家统一的胜利是大屠杀最明显的结果,扩大了国家能力,加强了国家象征作为共同身份的共同要素的作用。政治和行政集中化以不同的方式影响地方权力的行使,主要影响其招募社区成员参加战争的能力;呼吁国家价值和身份逐渐成为要求合作和牺牲的核心。战斗结束后,国家当局建立了以新宪法或对现有文件进行修正为基础的制度,其目标是根据能够调节和使区域冲突制度化的规则重新安排社会秩序,同时纳入对代表权和自由化的要求。这些团体在处理种族和社会冲突时表现出较低的效率,这些冲突是假装一致、进步和统一的社会中更深层次分裂的根源。
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The Wars of the 1860s and the Atlantic (Americas and Europe)
During the 1860s, widespread warfare beset the Americas and Europe. Fighting resulted from challenges to existing political accommodations, and evolved into civil wars or interstate violence. Concurrently, economic and technological transformations through the 1860s aided long-distance communications, such as the coming of the telegraph and a much faster spread of steam power that helped to disseminate news and share experiences. All over the Atlantic, the triumph of national unification was the most visible result of the bloodbath, expanding state capacities and reinforcing the role of national symbols as common elements of a shared identity. Political and administrative centralization affected the exercise of local power in different ways, mainly in its capacity to recruit members of communities for war; appealing to national values and identities gradually became central in the demands for cooperation and sacrifice. After the end of combat, national authorities established regimes founded either on new constitutions or on amendments added to existing documents, the goal of which was reordering society according to rules capable of regulating and institutionalizing regional conflicts, simultaneously incorporating demands for representation and liberalization. These same groups demonstrated less efficiency when dealing with ethnic and social conflicts, sources of deeper divisions in societies that pretended to be consistent, progressive, and unified.
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