东西伯利亚北极晚更新世和全新世早期环境中人类迁移和适应的生态约束和驱动因素

IF 2.3 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Quaternary Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI:10.3390/quat6040056
Vladimir V. Pitulko, Elena Y. Pavlova
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引用次数: 0

摘要

从大约5万年前开始,东西伯利亚的北极地区一直居住着解剖学上的现代人群体,包括晚第四纪环境发展中最不舒服的时期;对其中一些人来说,人类在该地区的存在变得短暂。目前,考古化石记录将人类在该地区的活动划分为三个主要阶段:早期(~50 ~ ~29 ka, MIS 3)、中期(~29 ~ ~11.7 ka, MIS 2)和晚期(~ 11.7 ~ ~8 ka)。在大多数时间里,它们居住在猛犸草原的开阔景观中,而猛犸草原在全新世开始时有所减少。北极的人类定居受到多种非生物和生物因素的驱动,因此考古上可见的主要文化和技术变化与晚更新世和全新世早期最重要的古气候和栖息地变化相对应。人类在北极的成功居住很大程度上得益于采用了一些至关重要的创新,比如基于眼骨针的缝纫技术,以及用猛犸象牙制造长轴和尖头工具。猛犸象的开发是在狩猎形成的大量猛犸象聚集中看到的。在考古记录中观察到考古材料和这种堆积之间的明显联系。在岩屑技术中,早期的阶段是仿古的片状工业。从LGM开始,基于楔形核心的微刀片技术被称为白令陆桥微刀片传统,随着巨大范围的缩小而广泛传播。后期,从全新世边界开始,出现了微棱柱形叶片技术。在各个阶段,揭示了古代北极定居者复杂的社会行为。由于陆地运输系统的引入,产品、知识和基因的远距离运输得以实现。该地区最初的人类定居与西欧亚基因组的携带者有关,这些携带者在气候变化的压力下不断向北移动,被具有东亚血统的人群所取代。
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Ecological Constraints and Drivers for Human Dispersals and Adaptations in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Environments of the East Siberian Arctic
Starting roughly 50,000 years ago, the Arctic region of East Siberia remained continuously populated by groups of anatomically modern humans including the most uncomfortable episodes in the development of the late Quaternary environment; for some of them, human presence in the area became ephemeral. At present, archaeological fossil records allow for distinguishing three main stages in human occupation of the area: Early (~50 to ~29 ka, MIS 3), middle (~29 to ~11.7 ka, MIS 2), and late (from 11.7 to ~8 ka). For most of the time, they the populated open landscapes of the Mammoth Steppe, which declined at the onset of the Holocene. Human settlement of the Arctic was driven by various abiotic and biotic factors and thus archaeologically visible cardinal cultural and technological changes correspond to the most important paleoclimatic and habitat changes in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Successful peopling of the Arctic was largely facilitated by the adoption of critically important innovations such as sewing technology based on the use of the eyed bone needle and the manufacture of long shafts and pointed implements made of mammoth tusks. Mammoth exploitation is seen in mass accumulations of mammoths formed by hunting. An obvious connection between archaeological materials and such accumulations is observed in the archaeological record. In the lithic technology, the early stage is presented by archaic-looking flake industries. Starting the LGM, the wedge-core based-microblade technology known as the Beringian microblade tradition spread widely following the shrinkage of the mammoth range. At the late stage, starting at the Holocene boundary, microprismatic blade technology occurs. In all stages, the complex social behavior of the ancient Arctic settlers is revealed. The long-distance transport of products, knowledge, and genes occurs due to the introduction of the land transportation system. Initial human settlement of this region is associated with carriers of the West Eurasian genome who became replaced by the population with East Asian ancestry constantly moving North under the pressure of climate change.
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来源期刊
Quaternary
Quaternary GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
3.30
自引率
4.30%
发文量
44
审稿时长
11 weeks
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