奶牛过渡期饲养与管理

Sayed Rahimullah Mushfiq, Mohammad Hassan Aabidy, Rizwanullah Rafed
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在怀孕期间和怀孕后的适当喂养,决定了动物的产奶量、随后的泌乳以及繁殖效率。产前3周和产后3周是非常重要的,因为在这段时间里会发生剧烈的生理和代谢适应,也就是所谓的过渡期。营养不平衡是由于所需营养口粮质量低、食欲下降和摄取量低造成的,这些都是导致表现低迷的原因,特别是在过渡时期。在过渡时期,农民缺乏饲养管理知识和技能使情况更加恶化。本文就过渡时期的代谢变化、代谢适应、过渡时期的机制、过渡时期饲养管理预防失调、干物质采食量减少、营养需要量、传染性疾病与代谢失调、缓解过渡时期的营养管理、过渡时期的管理、饲料添加剂的添加以及过渡时期的营养管理策略进行了综述。同时,随着胎儿的生长发育,对营养物质的需要量也随之增加,在产前和产后均达到高峰。产奶高峰在产后5-8周左右,饮食消耗高峰在产后10-14周。因此,奶牛在产后通常会经历6 - 8周的负能量平衡期。产后4天乳腺需要量是子宫需要量的3倍以上,同时代谢蛋白需要量增加,尤其是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的需要量增加。传染性疾病的高代谢发病率是造成炎症的高发病率的原因,大多数是在产犊后立即发生的。为预防上述疾病,应避免产后释放促炎细胞因子。身体储备动员,尤其是脂肪和蛋白质;分娩后立即发生肝脏糖异生,导致β-羟基丁酸和非酯化脂肪酸水平升高,这是几种代谢性疾病的门户。提高DMI、饲料转化率、日粮密度和添加富含瘤胃不可降解蛋白的蛋白质可缓解过渡阶段;通过使用阴离子矿物混合物、优化粗精料比(R: C)、优化饲料/青贮/干草物理有效纤维长度、饲粮缓冲料、饲料添加剂(如炎症调节剂、保护性营养素、糖原体和直饲微生物/益生菌)。
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Dairy Cows Transition Period Feeding and Management
Proper feeding during the pregnancy and post-pregnancy period, determines the milk Production, ensuing lactation and as well as, the reproductive efficiency of the animal. 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition are very important because a dramatic physiological and metabolic adaptation occurs during this period which is called the transition period. The Nutritional imbalances are caused by the low quality of desired nutritious rations, reduced appetite, and low ingestion which are responsible for depressed performance, specifically during the transition period. The absence of knowledge and skills of farmers in feeding management during the transition period exacerbates the situation. The metabolic changes, metabolic adaptations, Mechanism of a Transition period, transition period feeding management to prevent disorder, Decreased dry matter intake (DMI), Nutrient requirements, Infectious diseases and metabolic disorders, Nutritional management to Ease out the Transition Period, Management of the transition period, Feed additives supplementation and nutritional-management strategies to passage transition period are discussed by this review paper. Simultaneously, with the growth of the fetus, the nutrient requirements increase and are at their peak before parturition as well as immediately after parturition. The peak milk production reaches about 5–8 weeks postpartum, while the diet consumption peaks at 10–14 weeks postpartum. So, dairy cows will typically suffer a 6–8-week period of negative energy balance during the postpartum period. The requirement energy of the mammary at 4 days postpartum is more than three times than that of the uterus, with a simultaneous increase in the requirement of metabolizable protein, especially of methionine and lysine. The high metabolic incidence of infectious diseases is responsible for the high incidence of inflammatory conditions, mostly immediately after calving. To prevent mentioned diseases, pro-inflammatory cytokine release should be avoided postpartum. The body reserves mobilization, especially fat and protein; and hepatic gluconeogenesis takes place immediately after parturition leading to increased levels of β-hydroxy butyric acid and non-esterified fatty acids, which act as a gateway for several metabolic diseases. The phase of transition may eased by increasing DMI, feed conversion efficiency, density of ration, and protein supplements rich in rumen un-degradable protein; by using anionic mineral mixture, optimizing roughage to concentrate (R: C) ratio, optimum physically effective fiber length of forages/silage/hay, dietary buffers, feed additives such as inflammation modulators, protected nutrients, glucogenic precursors and direct-fed microbial/probiotics.
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