The spectroscopy of infrared is type of vibrational spectroscopy which is bases on the fact that a molecule absorbs infrared radiation, it is chemical bond vibrate. The bonds can stretch, contract, and bend have characteristic vibrations depending on the atoms in the bond, the number of bonds, and the orientation of those bonds with respect to the rest of the molecule. The troughs in the spectrum are caused by the absorption of infrared frequencies by chemical bonds, which are often characteristic of combinations of atoms or functional groups.
The light of infrared can create the bond angle between the atoms in a compound to decrease and increase as it reaches back to equilibrium. While a molecule of a compound absorbs the light of infrared radiation, its chemical bonds vibrate. When the radiation is absorbed, the bond can stretch, contract, and bend. This is the reason that the infrared spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy. When the bond absorbs the radiation that matches the frequency of the vibration of one of its bonds and this means that the molecule is exposed to infrared radiation.
The radiation of infrared absorbed allows the bond to vibrate a bit more, that is increase the amplitude observation, but the vibrational frequency will remain the same.
{"title":"Determining of Chemical Bond Properties in Hydrocarbons by Using Infrared Spectrum","authors":"Puhandoy Amir Mohammad Khair Oghli","doi":"10.55544/jrasb.2.5.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.5.21","url":null,"abstract":"The spectroscopy of infrared is type of vibrational spectroscopy which is bases on the fact that a molecule absorbs infrared radiation, it is chemical bond vibrate. The bonds can stretch, contract, and bend have characteristic vibrations depending on the atoms in the bond, the number of bonds, and the orientation of those bonds with respect to the rest of the molecule. The troughs in the spectrum are caused by the absorption of infrared frequencies by chemical bonds, which are often characteristic of combinations of atoms or functional groups.
 The light of infrared can create the bond angle between the atoms in a compound to decrease and increase as it reaches back to equilibrium. While a molecule of a compound absorbs the light of infrared radiation, its chemical bonds vibrate. When the radiation is absorbed, the bond can stretch, contract, and bend. This is the reason that the infrared spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy. When the bond absorbs the radiation that matches the frequency of the vibration of one of its bonds and this means that the molecule is exposed to infrared radiation.
 The radiation of infrared absorbed allows the bond to vibrate a bit more, that is increase the amplitude observation, but the vibrational frequency will remain the same.","PeriodicalId":13755,"journal":{"name":"International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology","volume":" 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135291087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subject of this research article is the investigation of factors and the rate of mortality in broiler chickens in poultry farms in Maymana city. This article examines the technical, technological, and managerial factors related to poultry farms and aims to assess their impact on the mortality rate of broiler chickens in Maymana city farms. This research can contribute to improving the conditions of chick rearing and reducing mortality rates in the broiler poultry industry.
The investigation of factors and the rate of mortality in broiler chickens in poultry farms in Maymana city holds great importance in the broiler poultry industry. The mortality of chicks in the early stages of the production chain leads to profitability and performance decline in poultry farms due to technical, technological, and managerial issues. A detailed examination of these factors and the determination of appropriate strategies to reduce chick mortality can enhance the performance and efficiency of the broiler poultry industry. Therefore, this subject is of significant importance and contributes to sustainable development and improvement in the quality of broiler chicken rearing.
The objective of this research article is to investigate the technical, technological, and managerial factors and their impact on the mortality rate of broiler chickens in poultry farms in Maymana city.
In this research, using a descriptive research method, the status of the poultry rearing industry and the relationship of its dependent variables were examined. After preliminary investigations, 17 active poultry farms were selected using the systematic sampling method (SD) for conducting face-to-face interviews and completing questionnaires.
The results showed that many of the examined farms did not reach a satisfactory level in terms of technical, technological, and managerial factors. The influence of each of these factors on animal losses in broiler farms was 31.71%, 33.08%, and 34.19%, respectively. Additionally, disease factors also had an impact on animal losses. The common diseases in broiler farms in Maymana city included Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and Gumboro, which caused significant losses in the chickens.
{"title":"Investigation of Factors and Mortality Rate of Broiler Chickens in Poultry Farms in Maymana City","authors":"Mohammad Ayoub Hanif, Farahuddin Larghani","doi":"10.55544/jrasb.2.5.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.5.20","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of this research article is the investigation of factors and the rate of mortality in broiler chickens in poultry farms in Maymana city. This article examines the technical, technological, and managerial factors related to poultry farms and aims to assess their impact on the mortality rate of broiler chickens in Maymana city farms. This research can contribute to improving the conditions of chick rearing and reducing mortality rates in the broiler poultry industry.
 The investigation of factors and the rate of mortality in broiler chickens in poultry farms in Maymana city holds great importance in the broiler poultry industry. The mortality of chicks in the early stages of the production chain leads to profitability and performance decline in poultry farms due to technical, technological, and managerial issues. A detailed examination of these factors and the determination of appropriate strategies to reduce chick mortality can enhance the performance and efficiency of the broiler poultry industry. Therefore, this subject is of significant importance and contributes to sustainable development and improvement in the quality of broiler chicken rearing.
 The objective of this research article is to investigate the technical, technological, and managerial factors and their impact on the mortality rate of broiler chickens in poultry farms in Maymana city.
 In this research, using a descriptive research method, the status of the poultry rearing industry and the relationship of its dependent variables were examined. After preliminary investigations, 17 active poultry farms were selected using the systematic sampling method (SD) for conducting face-to-face interviews and completing questionnaires.
 The results showed that many of the examined farms did not reach a satisfactory level in terms of technical, technological, and managerial factors. The influence of each of these factors on animal losses in broiler farms was 31.71%, 33.08%, and 34.19%, respectively. Additionally, disease factors also had an impact on animal losses. The common diseases in broiler farms in Maymana city included Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and Gumboro, which caused significant losses in the chickens.","PeriodicalId":13755,"journal":{"name":"International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135545785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research paper investigated the marketing challenges faced by potatoes growers and market intermediaries in Parwan province, Afghanistan. The study analysed the field level problems of farmers, consumers, wholesalers, and retailers. The study revealed that farmers encounter various obstacles in potato marketing, with the far-off location of selling markets 40.80 percent , lack of grading facilities 35.80 percent , and transportation issues 35.00 percent strongly agree, and that were being prominent concerns. Additionally, market information gaps 26.70 percent and malpractices by buyers 30.80 percent impact the marketing process. The study also examined consumers' difficulties in purchasing potatoes, indicating issues with timely product availability 18.80 percent strongly agree. Price fluctuations 37.50 percent strongly agree, and inadequate packaging 18.80 percent strongly agreed. Furthermore, consumers expressed concern about potato grading 37.50 percent agreed and quality 37.50 percent strongly agree. Another aspect of the study investigated wholesalers' challenges, identifying the absence of grading facilities 80.00 percent strongly agree. Storage 80.00 percent strongly agreed, and transportation issues 60.00 percent strongly agreed, as key constraints. Wide price fluctuations 70.00 percent strongly agreed, and inaccurate weighing 80.00 percent. Lastly, the research explored retailers' obstacles in potato marketing, highlighted issues with grading facilities 90.00 percent strongly agreed, storage 80.00 percent strongly agreed, and transportation 70.00 percent strongly agreed. Additionally, retailers face challenges with price fluctuations 80.00 percent strongly agree, and selling lower-grade potatoes 70.00 percent strongly agree.
{"title":"Marketing Issues Faced by Potato Growers and Intermediaries in Parwan, Afghanistan","authors":"Faridullah Lalzai, Akhtar Jamal Jamali, Abdul Mutaleb Naziri, Nik Jamal Jamal","doi":"10.55544/jrasb.2.5.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.5.19","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper investigated the marketing challenges faced by potatoes growers and market intermediaries in Parwan province, Afghanistan. The study analysed the field level problems of farmers, consumers, wholesalers, and retailers. The study revealed that farmers encounter various obstacles in potato marketing, with the far-off location of selling markets 40.80 percent , lack of grading facilities 35.80 percent , and transportation issues 35.00 percent strongly agree, and that were being prominent concerns. Additionally, market information gaps 26.70 percent and malpractices by buyers 30.80 percent impact the marketing process. The study also examined consumers' difficulties in purchasing potatoes, indicating issues with timely product availability 18.80 percent strongly agree. Price fluctuations 37.50 percent strongly agree, and inadequate packaging 18.80 percent strongly agreed. Furthermore, consumers expressed concern about potato grading 37.50 percent agreed and quality 37.50 percent strongly agree. Another aspect of the study investigated wholesalers' challenges, identifying the absence of grading facilities 80.00 percent strongly agree. Storage 80.00 percent strongly agreed, and transportation issues 60.00 percent strongly agreed, as key constraints. Wide price fluctuations 70.00 percent strongly agreed, and inaccurate weighing 80.00 percent. Lastly, the research explored retailers' obstacles in potato marketing, highlighted issues with grading facilities 90.00 percent strongly agreed, storage 80.00 percent strongly agreed, and transportation 70.00 percent strongly agreed. Additionally, retailers face challenges with price fluctuations 80.00 percent strongly agree, and selling lower-grade potatoes 70.00 percent strongly agree.","PeriodicalId":13755,"journal":{"name":"International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology","volume":"10 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poultry industry is one of the main source of income in Afghanistan, where about 1.5 million people are engaged in this sector. In recent years, from 476 poultry farms only 165 farms are continuing their activities in Parwan province of Afghanistan, which means that most of previous farms are broken down. In this research, 30 broiler chicken farms were selected by random sampling method and to evaluate the production performance and economical status of broiler farms in Parwan, Afghanistan. Data were collected by using questionaries’ and personal interviews. Based on the results, it was found that the production performance of the chickens was such as the feed conversion ratio was 1.83, the livability percentage was 90.23%, the average market weight was 1.9 kg, and the mortality rate was 9.77%. The fixed costs included 5.64% worker's salary, 0.79% farm rent and 0.32% electricity bill which are totally (6.75%). Variable costs include the cost of a day-old chicken 6.98%, feed cost 70.45%, veterinary service cost 3.44%, litter cost 1.41%, worker food cost 2.11%, fuel cost 7.05% and miscellaneous cost were 1.47%, which totally reached (93.25%). The total income which were earned 97.93% from live chickens as main product and 2.07% from manure as by product and the benefit cost ratio was 1.07%. To conclude this, as the broiler production is profitable, but the proportion of income is less than the investment. In order to improve the income, it is recommended to provide high-quality feed, prevent diseases, providing high-quality vaccines and medicines, and hiring experts in broiler farms.
{"title":"Study of Production Performance and Economic of Broiler Farms in Parwan Afghanistan","authors":"Multan Zrawar, Mahmoodullah Rasikh, Eraj Danishyar, Zekrullah Motmain","doi":"10.55544/jrasb.2.5.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.5.18","url":null,"abstract":"Poultry industry is one of the main source of income in Afghanistan, where about 1.5 million people are engaged in this sector. In recent years, from 476 poultry farms only 165 farms are continuing their activities in Parwan province of Afghanistan, which means that most of previous farms are broken down. In this research, 30 broiler chicken farms were selected by random sampling method and to evaluate the production performance and economical status of broiler farms in Parwan, Afghanistan. Data were collected by using questionaries’ and personal interviews. Based on the results, it was found that the production performance of the chickens was such as the feed conversion ratio was 1.83, the livability percentage was 90.23%, the average market weight was 1.9 kg, and the mortality rate was 9.77%. The fixed costs included 5.64% worker's salary, 0.79% farm rent and 0.32% electricity bill which are totally (6.75%). Variable costs include the cost of a day-old chicken 6.98%, feed cost 70.45%, veterinary service cost 3.44%, litter cost 1.41%, worker food cost 2.11%, fuel cost 7.05% and miscellaneous cost were 1.47%, which totally reached (93.25%). The total income which were earned 97.93% from live chickens as main product and 2.07% from manure as by product and the benefit cost ratio was 1.07%. To conclude this, as the broiler production is profitable, but the proportion of income is less than the investment. In order to improve the income, it is recommended to provide high-quality feed, prevent diseases, providing high-quality vaccines and medicines, and hiring experts in broiler farms.","PeriodicalId":13755,"journal":{"name":"International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology","volume":"10 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A factorial experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks in three replications at the Agriculture Faculty research farm, Takhar University to quantify the effect of planting density and planting arrangement on some morphological traits. Experimental treatments included 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm row spacing. The harvest was done by hand when all the pods were yellow, and seeds were hard. At the time of the final harvest, ten bushes were randomly selected from each plot and used to determine the performance components (elevation of the bush, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the weight of 100 seeds, and the biological yield). The results showed that the effect of density on performance was not significant. The maximum yield of seeds in the planting arrangement of 30 to 45 cm row distance has been obtained at the rate of 935.76, and 996.15 kg per hectare. The maximum height of the plant was observed at the distance between the rows of 30 cm. The density decreased with increasing the distance between the planting rows from 30 to 45 cm. The number of pods increased from 14.44 to 16.33 pods per plant, i.e., 11.57 percent.
在塔哈尔大学农学院研究农场，采用随机完全区组3个重复的因子试验，量化种植密度和种植布置对某些形态性状的影响。试验处理包括行距15、30、45和60 cm。收割时，豆荚都是黄色的，种子也很硬。在最后收获时，从每个地块随机选择10个灌木，用于确定性能成分(灌木高度，每株荚果数，每荚种子数，100粒种子重量和生物产量)。结果表明，密度对性能的影响不显著。行距为30 ~ 45 cm时，种子产量最高，为935.76 kg /公顷，996.15 kg /公顷。株距30cm处植株最高高度。在30 ~ 45 cm之间，随着种植行距的增加，密度逐渐降低。荚果数从每株14.44个增加到16.33个，即11.57%。
{"title":"Investigating the Effects of Planting Density on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea Under Spring Cultivation Conditions in Takhar Province, Afghanistan","authors":"Jahid Ahmad Shams, Burhanudin Weqar","doi":"10.55544/jrasb.2.5.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.5.17","url":null,"abstract":"A factorial experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks in three replications at the Agriculture Faculty research farm, Takhar University to quantify the effect of planting density and planting arrangement on some morphological traits. Experimental treatments included 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm row spacing. The harvest was done by hand when all the pods were yellow, and seeds were hard. At the time of the final harvest, ten bushes were randomly selected from each plot and used to determine the performance components (elevation of the bush, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the weight of 100 seeds, and the biological yield). The results showed that the effect of density on performance was not significant. The maximum yield of seeds in the planting arrangement of 30 to 45 cm row distance has been obtained at the rate of 935.76, and 996.15 kg per hectare. The maximum height of the plant was observed at the distance between the rows of 30 cm. The density decreased with increasing the distance between the planting rows from 30 to 45 cm. The number of pods increased from 14.44 to 16.33 pods per plant, i.e., 11.57 percent.","PeriodicalId":13755,"journal":{"name":"International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology","volume":"151 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdul Alim Osmani, Abdul Msawer Asim, Eraj Danishyar, Mohammad Wasif Amin, Zabihullah Farid, Khalid Joya, Hakimullah Aminy, Wakil Ahmad Sarhadi
Oil flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a valuable agricultural crop with potential uses in industries including oil production, nutrition, and medicine. It has a good reputation in Afghanistan as an oil crop. The objective of the current research was to compare the most significant morphological parameters and fatty acid compositions of some local oilflax. The study used a randomized complete block design and was conducted on the research and experimental farm of Parwan University's (REFPU) Faculty of Agriculture in Parwan, Afghanistan, during the 2022 growing season. In this experiment, four seed samples from various regions of Afghanistan [Parwan (V1), Badakhshan (V2), Baghlan (V3), and Kunduz (V4)] were used. The results showed no significant difference between the local varieties on all growth parameters except for the number of seeds per capsule (NSC) and the weight of a thousand seeds (WTS). The maximum NSC was significantly observed in the V1 (10.8), followed by the V3 (7.13) and the V4 (7.33), and the lowest was recorded in the V2 (6.7). The heaviest WTS were significantly produced by V1 (9 gr) compared to V2 (4.67 gr), V3 (5.67 gr), and V4 (4.67 gr). Also, there was not a noticeable difference in the concentration of linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LLA) between the varieties. Each of the studied local varieties can be used because of their similar performance.
{"title":"Evaluation of Morphological Characteristics and Fatty Acid Compositions of Some Local Varieties of Oil Flax","authors":"Abdul Alim Osmani, Abdul Msawer Asim, Eraj Danishyar, Mohammad Wasif Amin, Zabihullah Farid, Khalid Joya, Hakimullah Aminy, Wakil Ahmad Sarhadi","doi":"10.55544/jrasb.2.5.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.5.11","url":null,"abstract":"Oil flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a valuable agricultural crop with potential uses in industries including oil production, nutrition, and medicine. It has a good reputation in Afghanistan as an oil crop. The objective of the current research was to compare the most significant morphological parameters and fatty acid compositions of some local oilflax. The study used a randomized complete block design and was conducted on the research and experimental farm of Parwan University's (REFPU) Faculty of Agriculture in Parwan, Afghanistan, during the 2022 growing season. In this experiment, four seed samples from various regions of Afghanistan [Parwan (V1), Badakhshan (V2), Baghlan (V3), and Kunduz (V4)] were used. The results showed no significant difference between the local varieties on all growth parameters except for the number of seeds per capsule (NSC) and the weight of a thousand seeds (WTS). The maximum NSC was significantly observed in the V1 (10.8), followed by the V3 (7.13) and the V4 (7.33), and the lowest was recorded in the V2 (6.7). The heaviest WTS were significantly produced by V1 (9 gr) compared to V2 (4.67 gr), V3 (5.67 gr), and V4 (4.67 gr). Also, there was not a noticeable difference in the concentration of linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LLA) between the varieties. Each of the studied local varieties can be used because of their similar performance.","PeriodicalId":13755,"journal":{"name":"International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136232175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thin films of (CuFe(1-x) CrxO4) with weight ratios (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) were prepared using the chemical deposition method on glass bases with dimensions x 1cm (1cm) at (700°C) temperature. Studying the optical properties of the prepared films includes recording the absorbance spectrum and the optical energy gap for the wavelength range (300-900 nm). Moreover, studying the optical constants is represented by the extinction coefficient, the refractive index, and the real and imaginary part of the dielectric constant as a function of wavelength. The optical properties show the appearance of a peak, an absorbance at a wavelength of 370 nm when adding a chromium ion as a substitute for the iron ion. The intensity of this peak increases directly with the increase in the percentage of chromium in the sample. It was also observed that the energy gap decreases significantly to 3eV. There is a slight increase in the value of the optical energy gap to 3.1eV when the percentage increases to x=0.8 due to decrease in size.
{"title":"Optical Properties of (CuFe(1-x) CrxO4) Nanostructures Prepared by Chemical Deposition Method","authors":"Abdul Sami Fawzi Abdul Aziz, Hamoud Hamad Ahmed","doi":"10.55544/jrasb.2.5.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.5.15","url":null,"abstract":"Thin films of (CuFe(1-x) CrxO4) with weight ratios (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) were prepared using the chemical deposition method on glass bases with dimensions x 1cm (1cm) at (700°C) temperature. Studying the optical properties of the prepared films includes recording the absorbance spectrum and the optical energy gap for the wavelength range (300-900 nm). Moreover, studying the optical constants is represented by the extinction coefficient, the refractive index, and the real and imaginary part of the dielectric constant as a function of wavelength. The optical properties show the appearance of a peak, an absorbance at a wavelength of 370 nm when adding a chromium ion as a substitute for the iron ion. The intensity of this peak increases directly with the increase in the percentage of chromium in the sample. It was also observed that the energy gap decreases significantly to 3eV. There is a slight increase in the value of the optical energy gap to 3.1eV when the percentage increases to x=0.8 due to decrease in size.","PeriodicalId":13755,"journal":{"name":"International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136232173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chalcogenide glasses have received much attention from researchers during the last few years because of their interesting optical, electrical, dielectric, thermal, and physical properties by changing the composition such as wide transmission range, high refractive index, good chemical durability, optical switching, and from amorphous to crystalline phase transition. In this paper, are taken in appropriate atomic weight percentages. Ternary Se₇₉Te₂ Pb₁ chalcogenide glass is prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. XRD method is used for the identification of crystalline materials. Thus, the absence of any sharp and prominent peak in the XRD pattern confirmed the amorphous nature of chalcogenide glass.
{"title":"Synthesis and X-ray Diffraction Study of Se79 Te20 Pb1 Chalcogen Glass","authors":"Roshan Hairan, Abdul Tawab Azizi","doi":"10.55544/jrasb.2.5.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.5.14","url":null,"abstract":"Chalcogenide glasses have received much attention from researchers during the last few years because of their interesting optical, electrical, dielectric, thermal, and physical properties by changing the composition such as wide transmission range, high refractive index, good chemical durability, optical switching, and from amorphous to crystalline phase transition. In this paper, are taken in appropriate atomic weight percentages. Ternary Se₇₉Te₂ Pb₁ chalcogenide glass is prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. XRD method is used for the identification of crystalline materials. Thus, the absence of any sharp and prominent peak in the XRD pattern confirmed the amorphous nature of chalcogenide glass.","PeriodicalId":13755,"journal":{"name":"International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology","volume":"187 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136232043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kachinda Wezi, Liywalii Mataa, Mary Lubungu, Andrew Chongwe, Clive Simwanza, Christine Chiluba, Chisanga Arthur, Henry Sichone, Ian Habulembe, Miyanda Hakantu, Siwale Chisanga, Nkandu Kabibwa, Herold Musonda, Masiliso Sooka, Muuka Godfrey Munkombwe, Succeed Mubanga, Mweemba Chijoka
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of Zambia's dynamic livestock sub-sector as of April 30, 2022, drawing insights from the 2022 Livestock Survey Report. With 1,801,075 households actively engaged in livestock activities, the sub-sector emerges as a vital component of the country's rural livelihoods. Understanding the interplay of household characteristics and livestock populations is pivotal for crafting sustainable development policies that enhance the well-being of the sub-sector's participants.
Gender dynamics within the livestock sub-sector underscore the central role of men as household heads and primary decision-makers. This necessitates targeted initiatives to empower women, fostering their active involvement and amplifying contributions that lead to improved household prosperity, expanded economic opportunities, and the preservation of indigenous knowledge.
Zambia's diverse livestock population, with a significant presence of 4,698,972 cattle, plays a crucial role in ensuring protein availability, bolstering nutritional security, and contributing to household incomes. Goats, sheep, and pigs also feature prominently, meeting various demands for meat, milk and other essentials. Recognizing the unique contributions of each livestock species allows for tailored strategies to improve their productivity and welfare.
Addressing provincial disparities in livestock production and resource utilization is imperative for achieving sustainable development goals. Provincial variations in agro-ecological conditions, market access, and infrastructure necessitate context-specific interventions. Such approaches can harness provincial strengths, optimize resource utilization, and stimulate value chain development.
Moreover, this study highlights opportunities in honey production and milk output. Apiculture and beekeeping investment can aid biodiversity conservation through pollination services while fostering high-quality honey production. Tailored capacity-building and infrastructure development can address provincial disparities in milk production, benefiting smallholder dairy farmers and the broader dairy industry.
This study underscores the livestock sub-sector's pivotal role in sustainable development, food security, and rural livelihood enhancement in Zambia. By embracing responsible, inclusive strategies and evidence-based insights, policymakers, stakeholders, and development practitioners can optimize the sub-sector's potential. Focusing on household well-being, gender inclusivity, and provincial equity will foster a resilient and thriving livestock sub-sector, benefiting all segments of society and paving the way for a brighter and more sustainable future for Zambia.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Study on the Livestock Sub-Sector Analysis and its Role in Fostering Sustainable Development in Zambia: Insights from the 2022 Livestock Survey Report","authors":"Kachinda Wezi, Liywalii Mataa, Mary Lubungu, Andrew Chongwe, Clive Simwanza, Christine Chiluba, Chisanga Arthur, Henry Sichone, Ian Habulembe, Miyanda Hakantu, Siwale Chisanga, Nkandu Kabibwa, Herold Musonda, Masiliso Sooka, Muuka Godfrey Munkombwe, Succeed Mubanga, Mweemba Chijoka","doi":"10.55544/jrasb.2.5.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.5.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides a comprehensive analysis of Zambia's dynamic livestock sub-sector as of April 30, 2022, drawing insights from the 2022 Livestock Survey Report. With 1,801,075 households actively engaged in livestock activities, the sub-sector emerges as a vital component of the country's rural livelihoods. Understanding the interplay of household characteristics and livestock populations is pivotal for crafting sustainable development policies that enhance the well-being of the sub-sector's participants.
 Gender dynamics within the livestock sub-sector underscore the central role of men as household heads and primary decision-makers. This necessitates targeted initiatives to empower women, fostering their active involvement and amplifying contributions that lead to improved household prosperity, expanded economic opportunities, and the preservation of indigenous knowledge.
 Zambia's diverse livestock population, with a significant presence of 4,698,972 cattle, plays a crucial role in ensuring protein availability, bolstering nutritional security, and contributing to household incomes. Goats, sheep, and pigs also feature prominently, meeting various demands for meat, milk and other essentials. Recognizing the unique contributions of each livestock species allows for tailored strategies to improve their productivity and welfare.
 Addressing provincial disparities in livestock production and resource utilization is imperative for achieving sustainable development goals. Provincial variations in agro-ecological conditions, market access, and infrastructure necessitate context-specific interventions. Such approaches can harness provincial strengths, optimize resource utilization, and stimulate value chain development.
 Moreover, this study highlights opportunities in honey production and milk output. Apiculture and beekeeping investment can aid biodiversity conservation through pollination services while fostering high-quality honey production. Tailored capacity-building and infrastructure development can address provincial disparities in milk production, benefiting smallholder dairy farmers and the broader dairy industry.
 This study underscores the livestock sub-sector's pivotal role in sustainable development, food security, and rural livelihood enhancement in Zambia. By embracing responsible, inclusive strategies and evidence-based insights, policymakers, stakeholders, and development practitioners can optimize the sub-sector's potential. Focusing on household well-being, gender inclusivity, and provincial equity will foster a resilient and thriving livestock sub-sector, benefiting all segments of society and paving the way for a brighter and more sustainable future for Zambia.","PeriodicalId":13755,"journal":{"name":"International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology","volume":"90 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136159467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research, the topic of graph coloring was addressed, which includes coloring vertices, coloring edges, and coloring faces. Some relationships between the chromatic number and some graphs were also proven, and the color number of faces was obtained for some graphs, and a historical overview of one of the most important theorems in graph theory represented by the four-color theorem, was presented. The four-color theorem is applied to the map of Iraq and then transformed the map of Iraq into a graph.
{"title":"Coloring Graph and Four-Color Theorem","authors":"Noor Sabah Noori, Israa Monier Tawfiq","doi":"10.55544/jrasb.2.5.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.5.16","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, the topic of graph coloring was addressed, which includes coloring vertices, coloring edges, and coloring faces. Some relationships between the chromatic number and some graphs were also proven, and the color number of faces was obtained for some graphs, and a historical overview of one of the most important theorems in graph theory represented by the four-color theorem, was presented. The four-color theorem is applied to the map of Iraq and then transformed the map of Iraq into a graph.","PeriodicalId":13755,"journal":{"name":"International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology","volume":"58 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136232300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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