Behavioral activity and range patterns of the endemic Gelada monkey (Theropithecus gelada) in and around Jer Silase Monastery in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia

Abstract The present study investigated the activity, range, and habitat utilization patterns of the Endemic Gelada Monkey ( Theropithecus gelada ) in and around Jer Silase Monastery in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. The study was conducted from January 2021 to October 2021 by considering the dry and wet seasons and stratifying the study area into natural forest, cliff/rocky, and farmland habitats. An instantaneous scan sampling method was employed to collect behavioral data. The activity patterns of three selected focal groups of Gelada monkeys were studied. GPS points of their predominant behavioral activities were recorded daily every 15 minutes from 7:00 to 18:00 for 12 days every month. A total of 5,592 individual activity records were obtained from 2312 scan samplings taken over 120 study days. Feeding comprised 54.52% of the activity time, followed by moving at 20.67% and socialization at 11.95%. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that the time allocated to different activity types varied significantly over the year with the month (Roy’s Largest Root = 2.7, F 4,22 = 13.2, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.653). The longest mean monthly travel distance was 2817.61 ± 582.57 m, recorded at the Cliff/rocky habitat during the wet season. Gelada monkeys’ daily range length and home range size extended more in the dry season. These findings may be explained by reduced habitat quality associated with livestock grazing, agricultural expansion, and charcoal production. Therefore, appropriate conservation measures should be implemented to minimize such adverse effects and conserve the endemic Gelada Monkey.