Abstract The habitat of Cinnamomum travancoricum , a critically endangered endemic vascular plant that thrives at high altitudes (1,500–3,500 m asl) and in moist environments (600–850 hPa) in Western Ghats (WG), is shrinking due to climate change (CC), increase in herbivore populations, urbanization, and over-exploitation of C. travancoricum . Cinnamomum travancoricum ’s current habitat and predictive range shift were modeled using MaxEnt for 2030, 2050, and 2070 CE under two emission scenarios: Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5. The 19 WorldClim bioclimatic variables, including slope, aspect, elevation data, and 16 spatially dispersed-species-occurrence points, were used to predict the potential distribution. Jackknife test identified ‘isothermality’, ‘mean diurnal range’, and ‘precipitation of the driest month’ as the most impactful variables for modeling the habitat and range shift. This MaxEnt model was accurate with an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.995. This ecological model predicted a substantial range contraction in suitable habitats, with ‘highly suitable’ and ‘moderately suitable’ habitats shrinking by 100% in RCP 8.5, confirming that C. travancoricum is highly vulnerable to the effects of CC, making it one key species for conservation in WG. The present study suggests the restoration of existing protected areas, creation of specialized reserves, habitat connectivity, and further education towards local communities as the key adaptation strategies for conservation.
{"title":"Climate change impacts on habitat suitability of Cinnamomum travancoricum (Lauraceae), a critically endangered endemic vascular plant in the Western Ghats, India","authors":"Mukesh Lal Das, Sairuchir Bondada, Keshav Rajesh, Sreenath Subrahmanyam","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10061","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The habitat of Cinnamomum travancoricum , a critically endangered endemic vascular plant that thrives at high altitudes (1,500–3,500 m asl) and in moist environments (600–850 hPa) in Western Ghats (WG), is shrinking due to climate change (CC), increase in herbivore populations, urbanization, and over-exploitation of C. travancoricum . Cinnamomum travancoricum ’s current habitat and predictive range shift were modeled using MaxEnt for 2030, 2050, and 2070 CE under two emission scenarios: Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5. The 19 WorldClim bioclimatic variables, including slope, aspect, elevation data, and 16 spatially dispersed-species-occurrence points, were used to predict the potential distribution. Jackknife test identified ‘isothermality’, ‘mean diurnal range’, and ‘precipitation of the driest month’ as the most impactful variables for modeling the habitat and range shift. This MaxEnt model was accurate with an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.995. This ecological model predicted a substantial range contraction in suitable habitats, with ‘highly suitable’ and ‘moderately suitable’ habitats shrinking by 100% in RCP 8.5, confirming that C. travancoricum is highly vulnerable to the effects of CC, making it one key species for conservation in WG. The present study suggests the restoration of existing protected areas, creation of specialized reserves, habitat connectivity, and further education towards local communities as the key adaptation strategies for conservation.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10063
Fatik Baran Mandal
The impacts of anthropogenic synthetic contaminants are becoming a serious concern, primarily due to their harmful effects on human health and adverse effects on ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being. Of more than 100 million chemicals, ~0.36% are regularised, as recorded in the Chemical Abstracts Registry database. Such chemicals ultimately contaminate water bodies and reduce the amount of potable water. It is estimated that about 50% of the human population will suffer from water shortages by 2025 if the present trend continues. Gause’s classical work in population ecology stimulated interest in working with ciliates as model organisms in ecotoxicology. Ciliates are good indicators for assessing saprobic water quality due to their abundance, ubiquity, and sensitivity to anthropogenic impacts. However, although more than 50 ciliate species are now in use as bioindicators, researchers should attempt to utilize the excellent potential of ciliates as bioindicators in large-scale studies, considering their availability and cost-effectiveness. Any change in the community composition of ciliates in response to environmental shifts is a powerful tool for biomonitoring and bioassessment.
{"title":"The neglected role of ciliates as bioindicators","authors":"Fatik Baran Mandal","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10063","url":null,"abstract":"The impacts of anthropogenic synthetic contaminants are becoming a serious concern, primarily due to their harmful effects on human health and adverse effects on ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being. Of more than 100 million chemicals, ~0.36% are regularised, as recorded in the Chemical Abstracts Registry database. Such chemicals ultimately contaminate water bodies and reduce the amount of potable water. It is estimated that about 50% of the human population will suffer from water shortages by 2025 if the present trend continues. Gause’s classical work in population ecology stimulated interest in working with ciliates as model organisms in ecotoxicology. Ciliates are good indicators for assessing saprobic water quality due to their abundance, ubiquity, and sensitivity to anthropogenic impacts. However, although more than 50 ciliate species are now in use as bioindicators, researchers should attempt to utilize the excellent potential of ciliates as bioindicators in large-scale studies, considering their availability and cost-effectiveness. Any change in the community composition of ciliates in response to environmental shifts is a powerful tool for biomonitoring and bioassessment.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10065
Tamenut Desalegn
Abstract The present study investigated the activity, range, and habitat utilization patterns of the Endemic Gelada Monkey ( Theropithecus gelada ) in and around Jer Silase Monastery in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. The study was conducted from January 2021 to October 2021 by considering the dry and wet seasons and stratifying the study area into natural forest, cliff/rocky, and farmland habitats. An instantaneous scan sampling method was employed to collect behavioral data. The activity patterns of three selected focal groups of Gelada monkeys were studied. GPS points of their predominant behavioral activities were recorded daily every 15 minutes from 7:00 to 18:00 for 12 days every month. A total of 5,592 individual activity records were obtained from 2312 scan samplings taken over 120 study days. Feeding comprised 54.52% of the activity time, followed by moving at 20.67% and socialization at 11.95%. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that the time allocated to different activity types varied significantly over the year with the month (Roy’s Largest Root = 2.7, F 4,22 = 13.2, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.653). The longest mean monthly travel distance was 2817.61 ± 582.57 m, recorded at the Cliff/rocky habitat during the wet season. Gelada monkeys’ daily range length and home range size extended more in the dry season. These findings may be explained by reduced habitat quality associated with livestock grazing, agricultural expansion, and charcoal production. Therefore, appropriate conservation measures should be implemented to minimize such adverse effects and conserve the endemic Gelada Monkey.
{"title":"Behavioral activity and range patterns of the endemic Gelada monkey (Theropithecus gelada) in and around Jer Silase Monastery in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Tamenut Desalegn","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10065","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study investigated the activity, range, and habitat utilization patterns of the Endemic Gelada Monkey ( Theropithecus gelada ) in and around Jer Silase Monastery in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. The study was conducted from January 2021 to October 2021 by considering the dry and wet seasons and stratifying the study area into natural forest, cliff/rocky, and farmland habitats. An instantaneous scan sampling method was employed to collect behavioral data. The activity patterns of three selected focal groups of Gelada monkeys were studied. GPS points of their predominant behavioral activities were recorded daily every 15 minutes from 7:00 to 18:00 for 12 days every month. A total of 5,592 individual activity records were obtained from 2312 scan samplings taken over 120 study days. Feeding comprised 54.52% of the activity time, followed by moving at 20.67% and socialization at 11.95%. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that the time allocated to different activity types varied significantly over the year with the month (Roy’s Largest Root = 2.7, F 4,22 = 13.2, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.653). The longest mean monthly travel distance was 2817.61 ± 582.57 m, recorded at the Cliff/rocky habitat during the wet season. Gelada monkeys’ daily range length and home range size extended more in the dry season. These findings may be explained by reduced habitat quality associated with livestock grazing, agricultural expansion, and charcoal production. Therefore, appropriate conservation measures should be implemented to minimize such adverse effects and conserve the endemic Gelada Monkey.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136039409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10064
Tamenut Desalegn
Abstract Investigating species distribution and diversity patterns is vital for conservation efforts in biodiversity-rich countries such as Ethiopia. The present study examined the diversity of medium and large-sized mammal species in the Chilimo forest, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. It was conducted from January 2022 to October 2022 by stratifying the study area into three habitat types: natural forest, plantation, and human-modified forest. A fixed-width line transect sampling method was used to collect the mammalian data. A total of 14 medium and large mammal species belonging to 11 families and six orders, were recorded in the forest during the study period. Of these, 11 were medium, and 3 were large-sized mammals. The Olive Baboon ( Papio anubis ) was the most abundant mammal species, accounting for 41.7 % of the total abundance. The abundance of medium and large-sized mammals varied significantly among the three habitat types (Species × Habitat; Chi-square test of independence; χ2 = 163.385, df = 26, p < 0.001) and between the wet and dry seasons (Species × Season; Chi-square test of independence; χ2 = 43.753, df = 13, p < 0.001). During the dry season, species diversity was the highest in the natural forest and plantation habitat (H’ = 1.76 in both). The natural forest also supported the highest species diversity during the wet season (H’ = 1.57), followed by the plantation and human-modified habitats (H’ = 1.54 in both). An 88% similarity in species composition was observed between the natural and human-modified forests. The occurrence of 14 species of medium and large-sized mammals in the study area calls for immediate conservation actions in collaboration with respective stakeholders to protect the area’s biodiversity.
研究物种分布和多样性模式对埃塞俄比亚等生物多样性丰富的国家的保护工作至关重要。本研究调查了埃塞俄比亚西绍阿地区Chilimo森林中大中型哺乳动物物种的多样性。研究时间为2022年1月至2022年10月，将研究区划分为天然林、人工林和人工改造林三种生境类型。采用定宽样线采样法采集哺乳动物数据。研究期间共记录到大中型哺乳动物14种，隶属于6目11科。其中，11只中型哺乳动物，3只大型哺乳动物。橄榄狒狒(Papio anubis)是最丰富的哺乳动物，占总丰度的41.7%。3种生境类型中、大型哺乳动物的丰度差异显著(种×生境;卡方独立性检验;χ2 = 163.385, df = 26, p <0.001)和干湿季节之间(物种×季节;卡方独立性检验;χ2 = 43.753, df = 13, p <0.001)。旱季物种多样性以天然林和人工林生境最高(H′= 1.76)。天然林在雨季的物种多样性最高(H′= 1.57)，其次是人工林和人工生境(H′= 1.54)。天然林与人工改造林的物种组成相似度为88%。研究区内有14种大中型哺乳动物，需要立即采取保护行动，与相关利益相关者合作，保护该地区的生物多样性。
{"title":"Diversity of medium and large-sized mammal species in Chilimo Forest, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Tamenut Desalegn","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10064","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Investigating species distribution and diversity patterns is vital for conservation efforts in biodiversity-rich countries such as Ethiopia. The present study examined the diversity of medium and large-sized mammal species in the Chilimo forest, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. It was conducted from January 2022 to October 2022 by stratifying the study area into three habitat types: natural forest, plantation, and human-modified forest. A fixed-width line transect sampling method was used to collect the mammalian data. A total of 14 medium and large mammal species belonging to 11 families and six orders, were recorded in the forest during the study period. Of these, 11 were medium, and 3 were large-sized mammals. The Olive Baboon ( Papio anubis ) was the most abundant mammal species, accounting for 41.7 % of the total abundance. The abundance of medium and large-sized mammals varied significantly among the three habitat types (Species × Habitat; Chi-square test of independence; χ2 = 163.385, df = 26, p < 0.001) and between the wet and dry seasons (Species × Season; Chi-square test of independence; χ2 = 43.753, df = 13, p < 0.001). During the dry season, species diversity was the highest in the natural forest and plantation habitat (H’ = 1.76 in both). The natural forest also supported the highest species diversity during the wet season (H’ = 1.57), followed by the plantation and human-modified habitats (H’ = 1.54 in both). An 88% similarity in species composition was observed between the natural and human-modified forests. The occurrence of 14 species of medium and large-sized mammals in the study area calls for immediate conservation actions in collaboration with respective stakeholders to protect the area’s biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136038214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10062
Bernard Peter O. Daipan, Ivy Amor F. Lambio, Juan Carlos T. Gonzales, Nelson M. Pampolina
Abstract This study analyzed mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences to infer Otus species’ phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography. The researchers used Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood methods to generate the phylogenetic trees. They constructed a Bayesian MCC Chronogram Tree to determine the Otus species’ age and speciation events. Paleoclimate and paleogeology maps were also used to correlate the branching out of Otus species with geological time periods and climatic conditions. The results showed five major clusters or clades for the core taxon group ( Otus ) and one for the sister group ( Tyto ). The Bayesian tree showed seven major clades for Otus , with the first speciation occurrence dating back to 21.54 mya during the Early Miocene epoch. Most of the core taxon species speciated during the Pliocene Period, with some exceptions. The paleoclimate data indicated that Otus clades branched out during the Icehouse climate state, with the first branching out occurring during the Coolhouse climatic state. The paleogeologic data revealed that the African and American (North and South) continents were already distinct and divided by the Atlantic Ocean during the first branching out of the Otus clade. The distribution areas of Otus species were also mapped using updated Wallace’s zoogeographic realms. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the phylogenetic history of Otus species and their diversification in relation to geological and climatic events. However, the authors caution that all phylogenetic trees, evolutionary studies, and divergence time estimates should be considered hypotheses with significant uncertainty.
{"title":"Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of Otus species based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence","authors":"Bernard Peter O. Daipan, Ivy Amor F. Lambio, Juan Carlos T. Gonzales, Nelson M. Pampolina","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10062","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study analyzed mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences to infer Otus species’ phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography. The researchers used Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood methods to generate the phylogenetic trees. They constructed a Bayesian MCC Chronogram Tree to determine the Otus species’ age and speciation events. Paleoclimate and paleogeology maps were also used to correlate the branching out of Otus species with geological time periods and climatic conditions. The results showed five major clusters or clades for the core taxon group ( Otus ) and one for the sister group ( Tyto ). The Bayesian tree showed seven major clades for Otus , with the first speciation occurrence dating back to 21.54 mya during the Early Miocene epoch. Most of the core taxon species speciated during the Pliocene Period, with some exceptions. The paleoclimate data indicated that Otus clades branched out during the Icehouse climate state, with the first branching out occurring during the Coolhouse climatic state. The paleogeologic data revealed that the African and American (North and South) continents were already distinct and divided by the Atlantic Ocean during the first branching out of the Otus clade. The distribution areas of Otus species were also mapped using updated Wallace’s zoogeographic realms. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the phylogenetic history of Otus species and their diversification in relation to geological and climatic events. However, the authors caution that all phylogenetic trees, evolutionary studies, and divergence time estimates should be considered hypotheses with significant uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"244 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136039733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10052
Reuven Yosef, Nicole Curtis, Jakub Z. Kosicki
Abstract The ability to change colors or appearance to blend into the background habitat is essential to ensure an individual’s survival. This is especially challenging in a heterogeneous habitat such as the intertidal zone of a seashore, which is the primary habitat of crabs. The Red Sea Ghost Crab (RSGC) is endemic to the Red Sea, and in Israel, it is found only at one beach. We discovered that right-clawed crabs are lighter colored (i.e., yellow, sand) than left-clawed crabs (brown, purple), consistent with their daily activity. The closest to the water were the sand-colored, left-clawed crabs, while the farthest up the beach were the yellow-colored, right-clawed crabs. Moreover, we observed purple-colored, left-clawed crabs during low UV radiation, while during high UV radiation, we observed brown-colored, right-claws crabs. In explaining the observed segregation, we speculate that claw lateralization and body colors are common in the social signaling system. Symmetrically identical individuals can signal their condition to their competitors by colors. However, this part of the signaling is under the pressure of the intensity of sunlight.
{"title":"Laterality affects coloration in Red Sea Ghost Crabs (Ocypode saratan)","authors":"Reuven Yosef, Nicole Curtis, Jakub Z. Kosicki","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10052","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The ability to change colors or appearance to blend into the background habitat is essential to ensure an individual’s survival. This is especially challenging in a heterogeneous habitat such as the intertidal zone of a seashore, which is the primary habitat of crabs. The Red Sea Ghost Crab (RSGC) is endemic to the Red Sea, and in Israel, it is found only at one beach. We discovered that right-clawed crabs are lighter colored (i.e., yellow, sand) than left-clawed crabs (brown, purple), consistent with their daily activity. The closest to the water were the sand-colored, left-clawed crabs, while the farthest up the beach were the yellow-colored, right-clawed crabs. Moreover, we observed purple-colored, left-clawed crabs during low UV radiation, while during high UV radiation, we observed brown-colored, right-claws crabs. In explaining the observed segregation, we speculate that claw lateralization and body colors are common in the social signaling system. Symmetrically identical individuals can signal their condition to their competitors by colors. However, this part of the signaling is under the pressure of the intensity of sunlight.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134952075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10051
Malamati A. Papakosta, Dimitrios E. Bakaloudis, Vassilis Goutner, Reuven Yosef, Evangelos Kotsonas, Savvas Iezekiel, Christos G. Vlachos
Abstract The sex ratio of nestlings is a crucial population determinant in rare and/or endangered species. We investigated the role of female body condition and female-related traits in Lesser Kestrel ( Falco naumanni ) nestling sex allocation at a nest-box colony in central Greece. We used the total clutch volume and size, female weight, hatching dates, body length, wing length, tail length, tarsometatarsus, and bill length as explanatory variables of the number of male nestlings (the response variable) using CART model analysis. This analysis showed that the reproduction output was biased towards male nestlings when female parents were shorter in body length and clutch size and volume were smaller. The skewed sex ratio favoring females, 1:2.35, suggests that when female parents are in good condition, they invest most in good-quality female nestlings, providing a reproductive advantage and increased long-term fitness.
{"title":"Female-dependent factors affect sex allocation in Lesser Kestrels Falco naumanni","authors":"Malamati A. Papakosta, Dimitrios E. Bakaloudis, Vassilis Goutner, Reuven Yosef, Evangelos Kotsonas, Savvas Iezekiel, Christos G. Vlachos","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10051","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The sex ratio of nestlings is a crucial population determinant in rare and/or endangered species. We investigated the role of female body condition and female-related traits in Lesser Kestrel ( Falco naumanni ) nestling sex allocation at a nest-box colony in central Greece. We used the total clutch volume and size, female weight, hatching dates, body length, wing length, tail length, tarsometatarsus, and bill length as explanatory variables of the number of male nestlings (the response variable) using CART model analysis. This analysis showed that the reproduction output was biased towards male nestlings when female parents were shorter in body length and clutch size and volume were smaller. The skewed sex ratio favoring females, 1:2.35, suggests that when female parents are in good condition, they invest most in good-quality female nestlings, providing a reproductive advantage and increased long-term fitness.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134952072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-07DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10053
Gerry M. Alfonso
Abstract The study identified, listed, and determined birds’ eco classes, conservation status, relative abundance, and endemism while quantifying and comparing species diversity, richness, evenness, and community composition among agricultural areas, pine and mossy forests in Mt. Santo Tomas Forest Reserve in Tuba, Benguet, Northern Philippines. Forty-one species of birds under twenty-five families were listed and identified within the agricultural lands, mossy, and pine forests. Twenty-two bird species are endemic (53.66%) or only found in the Philippines, indicating high endemism in the forest reserve. Of the endemic bird species, two are classified as vulnerable and threatened. Incidentally, ranks 6 and 7 of the ten must-see bird species in the Philippines were also found in the mossy Reserve Forest. The two are the scale feathered malkoha, and the forest spotted kingfisher. Although there were significant differences in species diversity, richness, and evenness among the agricultural areas, pine, and mossy forests, all values are considered high. The high endemism and diversity of birds, their species richness, evenness, and abundance are indicators that Mount Santo Tomas Forest Reserve’s vegetation is still diverse and stable. Therefore, we recommend that the Mount Santo Tomas Forest Reserve Management Council, led by the DENR and Local Government units of Tuba Benguet to continue implementing adequate protection and conservation measures and management strategies.
{"title":"Diversity assessment and listing of birds in Mt. Santo Tomas Forest Reserve in Tuba, Benguet Northern Philippines","authors":"Gerry M. Alfonso","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10053","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study identified, listed, and determined birds’ eco classes, conservation status, relative abundance, and endemism while quantifying and comparing species diversity, richness, evenness, and community composition among agricultural areas, pine and mossy forests in Mt. Santo Tomas Forest Reserve in Tuba, Benguet, Northern Philippines. Forty-one species of birds under twenty-five families were listed and identified within the agricultural lands, mossy, and pine forests. Twenty-two bird species are endemic (53.66%) or only found in the Philippines, indicating high endemism in the forest reserve. Of the endemic bird species, two are classified as vulnerable and threatened. Incidentally, ranks 6 and 7 of the ten must-see bird species in the Philippines were also found in the mossy Reserve Forest. The two are the scale feathered malkoha, and the forest spotted kingfisher. Although there were significant differences in species diversity, richness, and evenness among the agricultural areas, pine, and mossy forests, all values are considered high. The high endemism and diversity of birds, their species richness, evenness, and abundance are indicators that Mount Santo Tomas Forest Reserve’s vegetation is still diverse and stable. Therefore, we recommend that the Mount Santo Tomas Forest Reserve Management Council, led by the DENR and Local Government units of Tuba Benguet to continue implementing adequate protection and conservation measures and management strategies.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135791886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10025
Har’el Agra, Hadar Shalom, O. Bawab, G. Kadas, L. Blaustein
Green roofs are expected to contribute to higher biodiversity in urban surroundings. Typically, green roofs have been designed with low plant diversity. However, plant diversity can be enhanced by controlling resource availability and creating distinct niches. Here we hypothesize that by using different drainage heights during the short plant-growing season in a semi-arid green roof system we can create distinct niches and plant communities. Our experiment took place at the University of Haifa, north Israel. We tested three different heights of drainage outlet: 10 cm under the surface of the substrate (Low), 1 cm under the surface of the substrate (Medium) and 3 cm above the surface of the substrate (High) on plant species-composition in green-roof gardens. Grasses cover was higher in High and Medium drainages while forbs cover was higher in Low drainage. Species richness was the highest in Low drainage while diversity indices showed the opposite trend. We conclude that by changing the height of the drainage we can create different niches and change species composition in a short time period of one growing season. This way we can create more diverse green roof communities and enhance biodiversity in urban areas, particularly in semi-arid regions.
{"title":"The effect of drainage height on plant-species composition on a semi-arid green roof system","authors":"Har’el Agra, Hadar Shalom, O. Bawab, G. Kadas, L. Blaustein","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Green roofs are expected to contribute to higher biodiversity in urban surroundings. Typically, green roofs have been designed with low plant diversity. However, plant diversity can be enhanced by controlling resource availability and creating distinct niches. Here we hypothesize that by using different drainage heights during the short plant-growing season in a semi-arid green roof system we can create distinct niches and plant communities. Our experiment took place at the University of Haifa, north Israel. We tested three different heights of drainage outlet: 10 cm under the surface of the substrate (Low), 1 cm under the surface of the substrate (Medium) and 3 cm above the surface of the substrate (High) on plant species-composition in green-roof gardens. Grasses cover was higher in High and Medium drainages while forbs cover was higher in Low drainage. Species richness was the highest in Low drainage while diversity indices showed the opposite trend. We conclude that by changing the height of the drainage we can create different niches and change species composition in a short time period of one growing season. This way we can create more diverse green roof communities and enhance biodiversity in urban areas, particularly in semi-arid regions.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48455368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-07DOI: 10.1163/22244662-BJA10026
W. Blanckenhorn, G. Cozzi, Gregory Jäggli, J. P. Busso
Because predator-prey interactions in nature are multifarious, linking phenomenological predation rates to underlying behavioral or ecological mechanisms is challenging. Size- and sex-specific predation has been implicated as a major selective force keeping animals small, directing the evolution of body size and sexual size dimorphism. We experimentally assessed predation by 4 amphibian and 3 arthropod species (bug, fly, spider) on 3 species of dung flies with similar ecology but contrasting body sizes, sexual size dimorphism, and coloration. Predators were offered a size range of male and/or female individuals of one prey species. As expected based on optimal foraging theory, some anurans (Bufo bufo) preferred larger prey individuals, others (Bombina variagata, Rana esculenta) showed no preference. Small juvenile Rana temporaria metamorphs preferred small prey, as did all arthropod predators, a pattern that may be explained by gape limitation or larger prey escaping better. Presumably more mobile males were not preyed upon more frequently or faster than cryptic females, even when conspicuously colored. Contrary to expectation, predation rates on flies in mixed groups facilitating mating activity were not higher, nor was predation generally sex-specific, hence contributing little to sexual dimorphism. We conclude that the size-selectivity of predators, and hence the viability selection pattern exerted on their prey, depends foremost on the relative body sizes of the two in a continuous fashion, in addition to any specific prey defense mechanisms. Therefore, the mechanistic study of predation requires integration of both the predator and prey perspectives, and phenomenological field studies of predation remain indispensable.
{"title":"Experimental size- and sex-specific predation on dung flies by amphibian and arthropod predators","authors":"W. Blanckenhorn, G. Cozzi, Gregory Jäggli, J. P. Busso","doi":"10.1163/22244662-BJA10026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-BJA10026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Because predator-prey interactions in nature are multifarious, linking phenomenological predation rates to underlying behavioral or ecological mechanisms is challenging. Size- and sex-specific predation has been implicated as a major selective force keeping animals small, directing the evolution of body size and sexual size dimorphism. We experimentally assessed predation by 4 amphibian and 3 arthropod species (bug, fly, spider) on 3 species of dung flies with similar ecology but contrasting body sizes, sexual size dimorphism, and coloration. Predators were offered a size range of male and/or female individuals of one prey species. As expected based on optimal foraging theory, some anurans (Bufo bufo) preferred larger prey individuals, others (Bombina variagata, Rana esculenta) showed no preference. Small juvenile Rana temporaria metamorphs preferred small prey, as did all arthropod predators, a pattern that may be explained by gape limitation or larger prey escaping better. Presumably more mobile males were not preyed upon more frequently or faster than cryptic females, even when conspicuously colored. Contrary to expectation, predation rates on flies in mixed groups facilitating mating activity were not higher, nor was predation generally sex-specific, hence contributing little to sexual dimorphism. We conclude that the size-selectivity of predators, and hence the viability selection pattern exerted on their prey, depends foremost on the relative body sizes of the two in a continuous fashion, in addition to any specific prey defense mechanisms. Therefore, the mechanistic study of predation requires integration of both the predator and prey perspectives, and phenomenological field studies of predation remain indispensable.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48258415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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