Injectable miniaturized shape-memory electronic device for continuous glucose monitoring

Implantable devices hold promise for revolutionizing personalized healthcare, but the inherent invasiveness of implantation surgeries, among other obstacles, hinders their widespread application. In this work, we present an implantable wireless glucose monitor made with on shape-memory electronic device (SMED) that can be implanted with minimal invasiveness. The device is fabricated by printing an inductive-capacitive (LC) circuit and a poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) (PAPBA)/glucose oxidase (GOx)/graphene oxide (GO) sensing layer on a shape-memory poly(D,L-lactide-co-caprolactone)-based (PCLAU) layer. To demonstrate, the glucose monitor was rolled up, injected into mice using a syringe, and later recovered to its original planar shape under mild thermal stimulations. The biocompatible SMED has high sensitivity, specificity, and reversible sensing characteristics with a broad linear detection range, providing an accurate and reliable platform for in vivo continuous glucose monitoring. This strategy reduces the wound area by ∼73% and the required healing time by ∼45%, thus effectively addressing the general problem faced by implantable devices.