High-frequency temporal variability of provenance signal in the submarine fan with the narrow shelf: Insights from sediment delivery and formation of late Triassic Zhuoni fan in the northeastern Paleo-Tethys Ocean

The submarine fan with a narrow shelf is usually reactive to environmental signal propagation; however, source-to-sink functioning can be further complicated by several allogenic forcings. Here, we document the high-frequency provenance variations and different sediment delivery models recorded in the late Triassic Zhuoni fan developed in the northeastern Paleo-Tethys Ocean, mainly based on process-based sedimentological and provenance study of the Panyuan section in the West Qinling area in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau. High-, low-density turbidites, hybrid event beds and hyperpycnites are distributed in the lobe-dominated submarine fan succession. Field sedimentological evidence from surrounding outcrops suggests that shelf-edge failure was the main cause of most high- and low-density turbidites with the overall absence of submarine slides or slumps, whereas the narrow shelf configuration together with late Triassic humid pulses is favourable for the occurrence of flood-related hyperpycnites in the Zhuoni fan. Detrital zircon grains (N = 6; n = 123–272) generally have Palaeozoic-Mesozoic ages (ca. 350–250 Ma and 500–400 Ma) and Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic ages (ca. 2100–1750 Ma and 2600–2400 Ma), but they can be further categized into three age groups due to different proportions of Precambrian age populations. The results demonstrate that the potential source areas may include the South and North Qinling Orogenic Belt, Qilian Orogenic Belt, different segments of North China Craton and the tectonic junction area between the Qinling and Qilian Orogenic Belts. The temporal changes in provenance signals, which are reflected by both the detrital zircon age spectra and heavy mineral assemblages, indicate different contributions of those sources in response to sea-level fluctuation. It could thus give rise to temporal variations between reactive and buffered source-to-sink sediment delivery models of the Zhuoni fan, despite the overall narrow shelf configuration. The development of the lowstand Zhuoni fan was directly related to extrabasinal hyperpycnal delivery from the river mouth and its high-frequency provenance variability recorded different efficiencies of signal transfer through the onshore catchment with significantly influence of temporal storage, fluvial rejuvenation or even regional climate variability. The highstand submarine fan was thought to be formed by shelf-edge failure with sediment buffering in the shelf region, which was associated with a strong magnitude of provenance mixing. Our work provides a new perspective for deciphering the different origins of deep-water sediment delivery in response to high-frequency sea-level and climate changes.