Casein glycomacropeptide in phenylketonuria: does it bring clinical benefit?

Purpose of review Casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) is a milk-derived bioactive sialyated phosphorylated peptide with distinctive nutritional and nutraceutical properties, produced during the cheese making process. It comprises 20–25% of total protein in whey products. CGMP is low in phenylalanine (Phe) and provides an alternative to Phe-free amino acids as a source of protein equivalent for patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). The amino acid sequence of CGMP is adapted by adding the amino acids histidine, leucine, tyrosine, arginine and tryptophan to enable its suitability in PKU. CGMP has potential antibacterial, antioxidative, prebiotic, remineralizing, digestion /metabolism and immune-modulating properties. The aim of this review is to assess the evidence for the role of CGMP in the management of PKU. Recent findings In PKU, there is no agreement concerning the amino acid composition of CGMP protein substitutes and consequently the nutritional composition varies between products. Although there is evidence in patients or animal models that CGMP has possible beneficial effects on gut microbiota and bone health, the results are inconclusive. Data on kinetic advantage is limited. Most studies report an increase in blood Phe levels with CGMP. Appropriate adaptations and reduction of dietary Phe intake should be made to compensate for the residual Phe content of CGMP, particularly in children. Data from short term studies indicate improved palatability of CGMP when compared to Phe-free amino acids. Summary In PKU, CGMP with supplementary amino acids, offers a safe low Phe nitrogen source. Current scientific evidence is unconvincing about its bioactive advantage in PKU. Further longitudinal research is necessary.