Jan Schöberl, Manuel Ank, Markus Schreiber, Nikolaos Wassiliadis, Markus Lienkamp
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In this article, a comprehensive analysis of the thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion batteries with NMC-811 and LFP cathodes from a Mini Cooper SE and Tesla Model 3 SR+ is presented. The focus is set on the identification of differences in battery safety, the derivation of safety requirements, and the evaluation of their impact on system integration. A comparative analysis identified significantly higher safety requirements for Graphite <span><math><mo>|</mo></math></span> NMC-811 than for Graphite <span><math><mo>|</mo></math></span> LFP cell chemistries. Regarding cell energy, thermal runaway reaction speed is nine times faster in NMC-811 cells and five times faster considering the whole propagation interval than LFP cells. However, since LFP cell chemistries have significantly lower energy densities than ternary cell chemistries, it must be verified whether the disadvantages in energy density can be compensated by advanced system integration. An analysis of cell-to-pack ratios for both cell chemistries has revealed that, based on average values, the gravimetric disadvantages are reduced to 16%, and the volumetric disadvantages can be completely compensated for at the pack level. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
减缓热失控传播是电动汽车电池开发的先决条件,以满足法律要求并确保车内人员的安全。热失控传播取决于许多因素,例如电池间距、中间材料和整个电池堆设置。此外,电池化学成分的选择对电池系统的安全设计起着决定性作用。然而,许多关于电池化学的研究仅关注电池层面,或忽视了安全措施对系统整合的能量影响。这就忽视了电池安全与能量密度之间的目标冲突。本文全面分析了采用 NMC-811 和 LFP 正极的 Mini Cooper SE 和特斯拉 Model 3 SR+ 锂离子电池的热失控传播。重点在于确定电池安全性的差异、推导安全要求以及评估其对系统整合的影响。通过比较分析发现,石墨|NMC-811 的安全要求明显高于石墨|LFP 电池化学成分。在电池能量方面,NMC-811 电池的热失控反应速度是 LFP 电池的 9 倍,考虑到整个传播间隔,则是 LFP 电池的 5 倍。然而,由于 LFP 电池化学成分的能量密度明显低于三元电池化学成分,因此必须验证先进的系统集成能否弥补能量密度方面的劣势。对两种电池化学成分的电池与电池组比率进行的分析表明,根据平均值,重力方面的劣势可降低到 16%,而体积方面的劣势可在电池组层面得到完全补偿。不过,未来的研究应进一步关注这一问题,因为根据电池化学进行准确的安全相关设计,可以在电动汽车电池开发的安全标准限制下进行成本效益评估。
Thermal runaway propagation in automotive lithium-ion batteries with NMC-811 and LFP cathodes: Safety requirements and impact on system integration
Thermal runaway propagation mitigation is a prerequisite in battery development for electric vehicles to meet legal requirements and ensure vehicle occupants’ safety. Thermal runaway propagation depends on many factors, e.g., cell spacing, intermediate materials, and the entire cell stack setup. Furthermore, the choice of cell chemistry plays a decisive role in the safety design of a battery system. However, many studies considering cell chemistry only focus on the cell level or neglect the energetic impacts of safety measures on system integration. This leads to a neglect of the conflict of objectives between battery safety and energy density. In this article, a comprehensive analysis of the thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion batteries with NMC-811 and LFP cathodes from a Mini Cooper SE and Tesla Model 3 SR+ is presented. The focus is set on the identification of differences in battery safety, the derivation of safety requirements, and the evaluation of their impact on system integration. A comparative analysis identified significantly higher safety requirements for Graphite NMC-811 than for Graphite LFP cell chemistries. Regarding cell energy, thermal runaway reaction speed is nine times faster in NMC-811 cells and five times faster considering the whole propagation interval than LFP cells. However, since LFP cell chemistries have significantly lower energy densities than ternary cell chemistries, it must be verified whether the disadvantages in energy density can be compensated by advanced system integration. An analysis of cell-to-pack ratios for both cell chemistries has revealed that, based on average values, the gravimetric disadvantages are reduced to 16%, and the volumetric disadvantages can be completely compensated for at the pack level. However, future research should further focus on this issue as an accurate safety-related design depending on cell chemistry could enable a cost–benefit evaluation under the constraints of safety standards in the development of batteries for electric vehicles.
期刊介绍:
eTransportation is a scholarly journal that aims to advance knowledge in the field of electric transportation. It focuses on all modes of transportation that utilize electricity as their primary source of energy, including electric vehicles, trains, ships, and aircraft. The journal covers all stages of research, development, and testing of new technologies, systems, and devices related to electrical transportation.
The journal welcomes the use of simulation and analysis tools at the system, transport, or device level. Its primary emphasis is on the study of the electrical and electronic aspects of transportation systems. However, it also considers research on mechanical parts or subsystems of vehicles if there is a clear interaction with electrical or electronic equipment.
Please note that this journal excludes other aspects such as sociological, political, regulatory, or environmental factors from its scope.