爪蟾上弦椎柱的形成

IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Journal of Morphology Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI:10.1002/jmor.21664
Yu Takahashi, Ryota Wakabayashi, Satoshi Kitajima, Hideho Uchiyama
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引用次数: 0

摘要

尽管章鱼是最广泛使用的两栖动物模型,但其脊椎柱的骨骼发育至今尚未得到很好的说明。无脊椎动物的椎柱发育模式分为两种:弦周型和上弦型。据认为,爪蟾椎柱的形成遵循上弦模式,但这方面的研究一直未得到足够重视,目前科学界也没有这方面的实例。本研究记录了 X. laevis 从最初的神经弓形成到变态完成的整个椎柱形成过程。这些图像揭示了神经弓从背侧薄片和外侧椎弓根原基开始形成,并没有严格遵守前后顺序。与其他物种不同的是,爪蟾的中心原基只在神经弓的腹侧膨大边缘形成,而不是从脊索周围的软骨层形成。这些成对的中心原基随后在腹中线、脊索背侧融合,随后脊索退化。这种中轴形成模式不同于传统的上弦形成模式,表明章鱼可能已经丧失了在脊索周围形成软骨层的能力。相反,神经弓的腹缘似乎在进化过程中在其基部纳入了中心前体细胞,从而形成了类似中心的结构,以弥补真正中心的缺失。人们普遍认为,后骶椎没有中轴,只有神经弓,最终与下弦融合形成尿柱。然而,我们已经证明,骶后椎成对的腹侧端也会在中线处融合,形成类似中轴的结构。在中轴形成过程中,这一过程可能会延伸到躯干区域。除了这些发现之外,我们还从进化角度揭示了为什么爪蟾在神经弓基部保留了中轴原基。
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Epichordal vertebral column formation in Xenopus laevis

Although Xenopus Laevis is the most widely used model amphibian, skeletal development of its vertebral column has not been well illustrated so far. The mode of vertebral column development in anurans has been classified into two modes: perichordal and epichordal. Xenopus vertebral column formation is believed to follow the epichordal mode, but this aspect has been underemphasized, and illustrative examples are currently unavailable to the scientific community. This study documents the entire process of vertebral column formation in X. laevis, from the initial neural arch formation to the completion of metamorphosis. These images reveal that the neural arch arises from the dorsal lamina and lateral pedicle primordia, with no strict adherence to an anteroposterior sequence. Unlike other species, Xenopus centrum primordia exclusively form at the expanded ventral margins of neural arches, rather than from the cartilaginous layer surrounding the notochord. These paired centrum primordia then fuse at the ventral midline, dorsal to the notochord, and subsequently the notochord degenerates. This mode of centrum formation differs from the traditional epichordal mode, indicating that Xenopus might have lost the ability to form a cartilaginous layer around the notochord. Instead, the neural arch's ventral margin appears to have evolved to incorporate centrum precursor cells at its base, thereby forming a centrum-like structure compensating for the absence of a true centrum. It is widely accepted that postsacral vertebrae lack centra, only possessing neural arches, and eventually fuse with the hypochord to form the urostyle. However, we have shown that the paired ventral ends of the postsacral vertebrae also fuse at the midline to form a centrum-like structure. This process might extend to the trunk region during centrum formation. In addition to these findings, we offer evolutionary insights into the reasons why Xenopus retains centrum primordia at the base of neural arches.

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来源期刊
Journal of Morphology
Journal of Morphology 医学-解剖学与形态学
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
6.70%
发文量
119
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Morphology welcomes articles of original research in cytology, protozoology, embryology, and general morphology. Articles generally should not exceed 35 printed pages. Preliminary notices or articles of a purely descriptive morphological or taxonomic nature are not included. No paper which has already been published will be accepted, nor will simultaneous publications elsewhere be allowed. The Journal of Morphology publishes research in functional, comparative, evolutionary and developmental morphology from vertebrates and invertebrates. Human and veterinary anatomy or paleontology are considered when an explicit connection to neontological animal morphology is presented, and the paper contains relevant information for the community of animal morphologists. Based on our long tradition, we continue to seek publishing the best papers in animal morphology.
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