在家禽饲料中添加回收食物和食物残渣:系统综述

Christopher W. Simmons, Faye Duan, Maurice E. Pitesky, Yanhong Liu, Zachary Tobar
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引用次数: 0

摘要

食物浪费是经济和资源投资的损失。将回收的食物和食物残渣(定义为在准备、销售和消费食物过程中剩余的可能可食用的有机物质)纳入动物饲料,是减少食物浪费和回收残余食物材料中部分蕴藏资源的潜在战略。有必要使回收食物和食物残渣的营养质量、化学和生物安全性与可扩展的可行加工要求相一致,并与食用动物的营养要求相吻合。本综述探讨了将处理过的消费后食物残渣添加到家禽饲料中的可行性,家禽是目前地球上消耗量最大的动物蛋白。综述概述了消费后食物残渣的广泛营养成分、将食物残渣纳入家禽饲料的相关毒理学考虑因素、与饲料应用相关的食物残渣预处理方法以及将消费后食物残渣纳入动物饲料的饲养研究。研究似乎表明,通过热处理杀菌足以控制回收食物中的病原微生物污染。其他污染物,如霉菌毒素、重金属、微塑料、生物胺、抗营养因子等,并不总能从回收食品中去除,因此,建议建立基础设施,调查回收食品中的污染水平,以便与开发技术配合使用,更好地去除这些污染物。随后,综述说明,预处理与对流入的回收食品和食物残渣的监测相结合,可用于确保将此类材料纳入家禽饲料的安全性。研究表明,消费者食物残渣的营养成分差异很大,但平均而言,与玉米和豆粕相比,回收食物残渣的脂质和纤维含量较高,而蛋白质含量高于玉米,低于豆粕。饲养研究表明,最高约 20% 的添加量对生长性能指标有积极或中性的影响。
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Incorporation of recovered food and food scraps into poultry feed: A systematic review
Food wastage represents the loss of both economic and resource investments. Incorporation of recovered food and food scraps, defined as the potentially edible organic matter left over from the preparation, sale, and consumption of food, into animal feed is a potential strategy to reduce food wastage and recover some of the embedded resources within the residual food material. There is a need to align recovered food and food scraps’ nutritional quality, chemical and biological safety with scalable and feasible processing requirements that dovetail with the nutritional requirements of food animals. This review examines the feasibility of incorporating treated post-consumer food scraps into poultry feed, which currently represent the most consumed animal protein on the planet. The review summarizes the broad nutritional composition of post-consumer food scraps, toxicological considerations associated with incorporating food scraps into poultry feed, food scrap pre-treatments related to feed applications and feeding studies that incorporated post-consumer food scraps into animal feed rations. Research appears to indicate that sterilization through heat treatment is sufficient to control pathogenic microorganism contamination in recovered food. Other contaminants such as mycotoxins, heavy metals, microplastics, biogenic amines, antinutritional factors cannot always be removed from recovered food and subsequently, infrastructure to survey levels of contamination in recovered food to be used in concert with developing technologies to better remove these contaminants is recommended. Subsequently, the review illustrates that pre-treatments in concert with surveillance of incoming recovered food and food scraps may be used to ensure the safety of incorporating such material into poultry feed. Studies show large variability in the nutritional composition of consumer food scraps, but on average, lipid and fiber levels are higher in recovered food scraps compared to maize and soybean meal, while protein levels are higher than in maize and lower than in soybean meal. Feeding studies suggest an incorporation level of up to approximately 20% is associated with positive or neutral impacts on growth performance indicators
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