The chemistry, stability and health effects of phenolic compounds in cultivated hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida var. major): a review

Cultivated hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida var. major), the principal cultivated hawthorn species in China, is rich in phenolic compounds. These phytochemicals are considered essential bioactive ingredients in different organs of the cultivated hawthorn, contributing to its health effects. However, there is lack of a comprehensive review that systematically summarizes the chemistry, health effects, and stability of phenolic substances. This review summarizes recent progress in characterization, classification and distribution of phenolic compounds in C. pinnatifida var. major, including procyanidins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and others. Importantly, the stability of these compounds was found to be influenced by factors such as the hawthorn development process, postharvest storage, postharvest processing, and the gastrointestinal tract environment. Additionally, the health effects of phenolic compounds in the cultivated hawthorn and their underlying mechanisms were discussed. This review provides valuable insights for the utilization of hawthorn resources and development of the hawthorn industry.