Effective thermal conductivity of fiberglass insulation

Globally, the operational energy usage in buildings accounts for about 30% of the final energy consumption and 26% of the energy-related emissions. In 2022, the building sector recorded 132 EJ in energy usage and 9.8 Gt of CO₂ emissions. Energy-intensive space heating and air conditioning play a significant role in these statistics, with slightly over half of US home energy usage attributed to them. Thus, energy-efficient buildings, incorporating effective thermal insulation, are essential for addressing climate change. Fiberglass is the dominant insulation material used in US homes, comprising about 71% of installations. The paper discusses the fundamental aspects of heat transfer in fibrous insulation in general and fiberglass insulation in particular. The thermal performance of a fibrous insulation is characterized by an effective thermal conductivity, which combines conductive and radiative terms. The former represents heat conduction through the gas–fiber network and the latter the absorption and the scattering of thermal radiation by the fibers. The paper describes mathematical formulations for these terms and presents results showing the dependence of the effective conductivity on insulation density, fiber diameter, and temperature. The predicted values of the effective conductivity are found to be in good agreement with the measured ones.