International Journal of Applied Glass Science最新文献

Due to the inherent material limitations of Cu/Al substrates—particularly their low melting point (approximately 660°C for Al) and high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)—these materials pose significant challenges in sealing processes. To address these challenges, this study focuses on developing a tailored low-temperature, high-CTE phosphate sealing glass. The structural influence of Y₂O₃ substitution for Sb₂O₃ in phosphate glasses was comprehensively investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The corresponding thermal properties and chemical durability of the glasses were also evaluated. The aim is to develop glasses with a high CTE (>14 × 10⁻⁶°C⁻¹), low sealing temperature (<600°C), and enhance chemical durability, thereby enabling highly reliable sealing of Cu/Al substrates.

Multi-station precision glass molding (PGM) technique enhances production efficiency by sequentially distributing heating, molding, and cooling across multiple stations. However, designing proper temperature settings for this technique is challenging due to the non-continuous temperature profile between stations and their interdependence. This study employs finite element simulations to analyze the heating and molding behaviors of a positive meniscus aspheric lens under various temperature settings. The results reveal that the glass temperature increases progressively across heating stations but does not reach the target due to limited heat absorption. Temperature gradients induce tensile stress during heating, while compressive stress during pressing decreases exponentially with higher heating temperatures due to stress relaxation. The molding temperature is critical for complete lens filling, with 580°C identified as the minimum requirement for P-SK57 glass. Additionally, increasing the molding temperature to 590°C expands the number of suitable temperature settings, offering greater flexibility in temperature selection. Out of 60 design groups, 24 meet all process criteria. The first heating station temperature should not exceed 400°C to minimize the risk of excessive thermal shock. Additionally, all heating stations must collaboratively generate a uniform, sufficiently high final heating temperature to control maximum compressive stress during pressing. This work establishes a framework and provides systematic guidelines for selecting optimal heating and molding temperature settings in multi-station molding, enhancing heating efficiency, reducing thermal stress, and ensuring high-quality replication. The findings would contribute to advancing multi-station PGM technology and offer practical insights for optimizing industrial-scale optical manufacturing.

The ability to translate melt properties and performance of small volume optical glass melts (i.e., melt sizes less than a few hundred grams) to manufacturable, commercial size melts (typically greater than 1 kg) requires a variety of processing optimization steps. Such melt size scale-up often involves issues related to thermal properties of the composition and thermal history of the glass upon quenching, impacting the thermal, mechanical, and optical property homogeneity. In the present effort, we assess the viability of a complex, well-studied, functional glass composition, $��20�{\text{GeSe}}_2�-�60�{\text{As}}_2�{\text{Se}}_3�-�20�\text{PbSe}�$ (GAP-Se) to evaluate the likelihood that commercial melts can be made to exhibit optical performance comparable to past lab-scale melts. Such confirmation of property/performance metrics is required to satisfy the rigors of optical designer demands that can enable new solutions for infrared optical designs. We demonstrate that for GAP-Se bulk glass subjected to controlled crystallization, measurable modification to the optical composite's effective refractive index can be achieved. Employing these data, we present viable mid-wave infrared optical design results implementing a methodology suggesting how gradient refractive index elements from this material can be made with equivalent or improved size, weight, power, and cost.

Femtosecond laser irradiation in glass, under controlled conditions, can induce two types of nanogratings (NG): porous nanogratings (pNG) and crystal/glass nanogratings (cNG). While most glasses exhibit only one type, binary aluminosilicate glasses have shown both types of NG. This work investigates the conditions enabling such possibility in this glass system. First, we combine the Johnson‒Mehl‒Avrami‒Kolmogorov equation with laser thermal treatment curves, varying laser parameters (repetition rate and pulse energy). This investigation clarifies crystallization conditions during irradiation and identifies those required to form NG in crystalline regions. Second, we propose an explanation for the unexpected superior thermal stability of cNG compared to pNG, as reported in the literature. Our model predicts a 200°C improvement considering 1% retardance drift over 25 years. Finally, we map the domains of existence and coexistence of pNG and cNG within a typical repetition rate - pulse energy landscape. This approach enables the determination of optimal femtosecond laser crystallization conditions by integrating glass composition with laser parameters (speed, pulse energy, and repetition rate). It offers a practical toolbox for glass design and optical property engineering.

The proper disposal of nuclear waste is crucial to reducing the risks brought by the development of nuclear energy. In this study, zirconolite-based borosilicate glass–ceramics immobilized with praseodymium oxide (Pr₆O₁₁) was studied and the influence of Pr₆O₁₁ content on their stability was also investigated. The synthesis of zirconolite at 1300°C exhibited excellent crystallinity and morphology when doping different amounts of Pr₆O₁₁. A mixture of barium borosilicate glass and different amounts of ceramic raw materials was sintered at 1300°C. X-ray diffraction results showed that as the ceramic content increased, zirconolite has more crystallinity. The energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping of the glass–ceramics revealed an even distribution of praseodymium across the surface. By conducting chemical durability testing, the leaching rate of praseodymium (NR_Pr) in glass–ceramics was 2.208 ± 0.012 × 10⁻⁶ g·m⁻²·day⁻¹ at day 28. The results of the chemical durability tests indicate that zirconolite-based borosilicate glass–ceramics exhibit good leaching performance. This strong leaching performance is essential for the solidification of radioactive nuclides, ultimately facilitating the safe disposal of nuclear waste.

This study investigates the controlled dissolution and ion release kinetics of multicomponent borate glasses within the borate anomaly, focusing on therapeutic ions such as calcium, zinc, and fluorine, which are critical in applications ranging from cancer therapy to bone regeneration and oral health. A Design of Mixtures (DoM) statistical modeling approach was employed to systematically evaluate the effects of glass composition on dissolution, ion release, and cytotoxicity. By synthesizing 23 glass formulations, the study demonstrates how statistical modeling enables precise prediction and control of material properties, revealing key interactions between components that are difficult to identify using traditional methods. Notably, higher ZnO content stabilized the glass network, reducing dissolution and ion release rates. The approach also uncovered complex synergies between zinc, titanium, and calcium, emphasizing the value of a multifactorial approach in optimizing glass performance. While higher ZnO concentrations (i.e., 16–20 mol%) correlated with increased cytotoxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), several formulations exhibited no cytotoxic effects at a concentration of 0.2 g/mL, highlighting the need for careful compositional tuning. This research demonstrates how integrating experimental and computational methods can permit the design of glasses with tailored dissolution and ion release kinetics, enabling more effective, customizable, and personalized medical treatments.

In the original version of the paper,¹ Table 6 (Chromium distribution between crystal and glass in as-fabricated samples determined using X-ray diffraction, mass%) on page 9 should be:

Sucrose is the current baseline additive at the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant in Washington to control foaming during waste feed to glass transitions and the redox state of the glass melt. Alternative reductants are being investigated to alleviate strain on effluent treatment from toxic acetonitrile production from incomplete combustion of sucrose. This study evaluates ceramic additive options including B₄C, B₆Si, SiC, and VB₂ in simulated low-activity waste feed, as well as coke dust, probing the feed volume expansion during melting as well as the gas evolution. All alternative reductant options examined significantly reduced acetonitrile production; however, there was variability in their effectiveness as foam-reducing agents. VB₂ and coke matched the performance of sucrose in controlling foam volume and glass redox state, but with notably less acetonitrile production. B₄C, B₆Si, and SiC demonstrated improved foam control and very little acetonitrile production; however, the final glasses were over-reduced, that is, Fe²⁺/Fe_T ≥ 0.5. These alternative reductant studies provide operational flexibility to the operation of the vitrification plant, as well as options for alternative raw materials in industrial glass melting.

Glass-ceramics are considered as promising candidate for high-level liquid waste (HLW) immobilization. The effects of SrSO₄ content (2‒8 wt%, calculated as SO₃) on the phase composition, microstructure, and thermal stability of borosilicate glass were studied. The results show that the samples with 2‒4 wt% SrSO₄ possess an amorphous structure and no crystals are observed when melted at 1150°C for 3 h. A great quantity of SrSO₄ crystals (∼1 µm) appear and are uniformly distributed in the glass matrix of the sample with 6 wt% SrSO₄ (abbreviated as S6), and the grain size increases with further increasing SrSO₄ content. The SrSO₄ crystal is more thermally stable than Na₂SO₄ crystal in borosilicate glass melts. The SO₃ retention in the glass-ceramics has no obvious change when the temperatures are lower than 1050°C, and then decreases obviously with further increasing temperature. A white phase separation layer appears on the surface of glass-ceramic, which is mainly composed of SrSO₄ along with a small amount of LiNaSO₄ phase at 1050°C‒1150°C. These results suggest that SrSO₄-containing borosilicate glass-ceramics have great potential for the immobilization of sulfur-rich HLW.

Aluminosilicate glasses are widely used in everyday applications and can be seen as building blocks of modern technology, from display screens to glass-ceramics. However, due to their high viscosities, gas bubbles can only be removed from aluminosilicate melts at high temperatures, leading to significant energy costs. This fining process can be improved with the use of multivalent oxides such as SnO₂. In this study, extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the local environment surrounding Sn(II) and Sn(IV) ions in a sodium aluminosilicate glass. In situ XANES spectroscopy enabled the quantification of Sn redox state at high temperature, allowing for the determination of thermodynamic parameters governing the Sn reduction. Our results show that Sn(IV) is octahedrally coordinated and linked to network-forming tetrahedra through corner-sharing, whereas Sn(II) is in a lower coordination number. Comparing the modeled behavior of Sn with that of Fe and Ce, it appears that SnO₂ is a suitable fining agent for aluminosilicate glasses as it undergoes reduction when the viscosity is sufficiently low for bubbles to escape the melt. Conversely, the use of CeO₂ leads to substantial gas release at higher viscosities, resulting in foam formation within the glass.