International Journal of Applied Glass Science最新文献

Designing a single glass composition for a multidimensional property space is challenging, and the difficulty increases with the number of design criteria. Traditionally, the task is accomplished using multiple statistical models that describe the relationships between composition (C) and property (P) values, i.e., C-P models. Recently, the structure (S)-property (P) statistical modeling has emerged as a complementary approach. The S-P modeling approach has also been shown to be a preferred method for modeling glass properties, particularly when a small data set is available, such as in single-component studies, or when strong nonlinearities exist between composition and properties. The combined model package, C-S-P, implements the concept of generic glass design, i.e., designing glass for performance by first selecting a specific or optimized set of glass network structural groups using S-P models and then transferring the designed structures (genes) to a particular composition using C-S models. This article reviews a set of supporting cases from the previous C-S-P modeling studies of phosphate, silicate, and borosilicate glasses, which are relevant for many critical commercial applications. The methodology for developing the statistical C-S-P database is presented, enabling the application of P→S→C to achieve a generic glass design and optimization, targeting multiple design criteria for both performance and processing properties simultaneously.

The mechanical damage resistance of phone components, particularly screens, is crucial for ensuring the longevity and functionality of modern smartphones. This study investigates the impact resistance of screen protector materials consisting of chemically strengthened glass and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using a developed punch drop test method. The screen protectors were applied to ultra-thin glass (UTG) samples, serving as surrogates for phone screens. The impact resistance was assessed by measuring the average fracture drop height of UTG breakage beneath a screen protector for various punch tip diameters. This outcome was summarized in a parameter termed “protectability”. The results indicate that glass screen protectors exhibit superior protection against sharp impacts due to their high stiffness, while the plastic screen protectors provide comparable protection against blunt impacts. Finite element simulations of glass and TPU screen protectors corroborate the experimental findings, highlighting the importance of material stiffness and thickness in enhancing protectability.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) silica nanoparticle composite coatings are applied to glass for improved strength. The coatings are applied to glass slides via the dip-coating method, and the strength is evaluated using 4-point bend flexural tests. The improvement in strength from these coatings is found to be due to the flaw-filling mechanism. Additionally, the nanoparticles incorporated into the coating provide the PMMA matrix with a reinforcement effect that enhances the overall strength improvement of the coating. Five different coatings are tested with different weight percentages of nanoparticles, ranging from 0 to 2 wt%. All the coatings maintain high optical transparency across the visible spectrum and have thickness values ranging between 1 and 3 µm. Although there is evidence of other coatings providing strengthening to glass, this effect has never been shown with PMMA-silica nanoparticle composite coatings. These coatings are beneficial due to the biocompatibility of PMMA and the favorable mechanical properties of silica nanoparticles. In addition, these coatings can be processed via solution mixing in a one-pot method without the need for any additives.

With the rapid development of the lithium battery and new energy industries, the large-scale production of spodumene has led to the accumulation of significant amounts of spodumene smelting slag, causing environmental pollution and resource waste. In this study, a series of Li₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ (LAS) transparent glass-ceramics were successfully prepared using 50 wt% spodumene smelting slag as the primary raw material. The effects of co-doping with ZrO₂ and BaO on the structure and properties of the glass-ceramics were systematically investigated. Unlike most previous studies that focused on single-component modification, this work highlights the novel co-doping strategy of BaO and ZrO₂ in a waste-derived LAS system, and systematically investigates their synergistic and antagonistic effects on nucleation, crystallization, and properties. The optimal sample, treated at 600°C for 8 h for nucleation and 750°C for 2 h for crystallization, exhibited high crystallinity, a transmittance of 90.67% at 550 nm, a Vickers hardness of 7.07 GPa, and a relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE ≈ 8 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹). Low ZrO₂ content leads to insufficient nucleation, resulting in grain agglomeration and opacity, whereas excessive ZrO₂ tends to act as a network former rather than a nucleating agent, thereby reducing the overall crystallinity. Partial substitution of SiO₂ with BaO, functioning as a network modifier, induced local depolymerization of the glass network and effectively suppressed excessive grain growth, thereby maintaining high optical transparency. This work provides a promising route for the high-value utilization of spodumene smelting slag and offers useful insights for designing high-performance LAS transparent glass-ceramics.

Due to the inherent material limitations of Cu/Al substrates—particularly their low melting point (approximately 660°C for Al) and high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)—these materials pose significant challenges in sealing processes. To address these challenges, this study focuses on developing a tailored low-temperature, high-CTE phosphate sealing glass. The structural influence of Y₂O₃ substitution for Sb₂O₃ in phosphate glasses was comprehensively investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The corresponding thermal properties and chemical durability of the glasses were also evaluated. The aim is to develop glasses with a high CTE (>14 × 10⁻⁶°C⁻¹), low sealing temperature (<600°C), and enhance chemical durability, thereby enabling highly reliable sealing of Cu/Al substrates.

Multi-station precision glass molding (PGM) technique enhances production efficiency by sequentially distributing heating, molding, and cooling across multiple stations. However, designing proper temperature settings for this technique is challenging due to the non-continuous temperature profile between stations and their interdependence. This study employs finite element simulations to analyze the heating and molding behaviors of a positive meniscus aspheric lens under various temperature settings. The results reveal that the glass temperature increases progressively across heating stations but does not reach the target due to limited heat absorption. Temperature gradients induce tensile stress during heating, while compressive stress during pressing decreases exponentially with higher heating temperatures due to stress relaxation. The molding temperature is critical for complete lens filling, with 580°C identified as the minimum requirement for P-SK57 glass. Additionally, increasing the molding temperature to 590°C expands the number of suitable temperature settings, offering greater flexibility in temperature selection. Out of 60 design groups, 24 meet all process criteria. The first heating station temperature should not exceed 400°C to minimize the risk of excessive thermal shock. Additionally, all heating stations must collaboratively generate a uniform, sufficiently high final heating temperature to control maximum compressive stress during pressing. This work establishes a framework and provides systematic guidelines for selecting optimal heating and molding temperature settings in multi-station molding, enhancing heating efficiency, reducing thermal stress, and ensuring high-quality replication. The findings would contribute to advancing multi-station PGM technology and offer practical insights for optimizing industrial-scale optical manufacturing.

The ability to translate melt properties and performance of small volume optical glass melts (i.e., melt sizes less than a few hundred grams) to manufacturable, commercial size melts (typically greater than 1 kg) requires a variety of processing optimization steps. Such melt size scale-up often involves issues related to thermal properties of the composition and thermal history of the glass upon quenching, impacting the thermal, mechanical, and optical property homogeneity. In the present effort, we assess the viability of a complex, well-studied, functional glass composition, $��20�{\text{GeSe}}_2�-�60�{\text{As}}_2�{\text{Se}}_3�-�20�\text{PbSe}�$ (GAP-Se) to evaluate the likelihood that commercial melts can be made to exhibit optical performance comparable to past lab-scale melts. Such confirmation of property/performance metrics is required to satisfy the rigors of optical designer demands that can enable new solutions for infrared optical designs. We demonstrate that for GAP-Se bulk glass subjected to controlled crystallization, measurable modification to the optical composite's effective refractive index can be achieved. Employing these data, we present viable mid-wave infrared optical design results implementing a methodology suggesting how gradient refractive index elements from this material can be made with equivalent or improved size, weight, power, and cost.

Femtosecond laser irradiation in glass, under controlled conditions, can induce two types of nanogratings (NG): porous nanogratings (pNG) and crystal/glass nanogratings (cNG). While most glasses exhibit only one type, binary aluminosilicate glasses have shown both types of NG. This work investigates the conditions enabling such possibility in this glass system. First, we combine the Johnson‒Mehl‒Avrami‒Kolmogorov equation with laser thermal treatment curves, varying laser parameters (repetition rate and pulse energy). This investigation clarifies crystallization conditions during irradiation and identifies those required to form NG in crystalline regions. Second, we propose an explanation for the unexpected superior thermal stability of cNG compared to pNG, as reported in the literature. Our model predicts a 200°C improvement considering 1% retardance drift over 25 years. Finally, we map the domains of existence and coexistence of pNG and cNG within a typical repetition rate - pulse energy landscape. This approach enables the determination of optimal femtosecond laser crystallization conditions by integrating glass composition with laser parameters (speed, pulse energy, and repetition rate). It offers a practical toolbox for glass design and optical property engineering.

The proper disposal of nuclear waste is crucial to reducing the risks brought by the development of nuclear energy. In this study, zirconolite-based borosilicate glass–ceramics immobilized with praseodymium oxide (Pr₆O₁₁) was studied and the influence of Pr₆O₁₁ content on their stability was also investigated. The synthesis of zirconolite at 1300°C exhibited excellent crystallinity and morphology when doping different amounts of Pr₆O₁₁. A mixture of barium borosilicate glass and different amounts of ceramic raw materials was sintered at 1300°C. X-ray diffraction results showed that as the ceramic content increased, zirconolite has more crystallinity. The energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping of the glass–ceramics revealed an even distribution of praseodymium across the surface. By conducting chemical durability testing, the leaching rate of praseodymium (NR_Pr) in glass–ceramics was 2.208 ± 0.012 × 10⁻⁶ g·m⁻²·day⁻¹ at day 28. The results of the chemical durability tests indicate that zirconolite-based borosilicate glass–ceramics exhibit good leaching performance. This strong leaching performance is essential for the solidification of radioactive nuclides, ultimately facilitating the safe disposal of nuclear waste.