中世纪及其后的农民生产力和福利

IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Past & Present Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI:10.1093/pastj/gtad022
John Hatcher
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引用次数: 0

摘要

由于资料来源的质量而非其代表性,英国农业史主要是从有据可查的大农场的角度来撰写的,而忽视了几个世纪以来耕种着全国大部分农田但却很少留下记录的小农户和家庭农场主。长期以来,人们一直用记录大领主广阔庄园平庸和低下作物产量的极好系列来衡量中世纪英格兰所有耕地的生产力,并将其深深植入经济和社会历史以及经济增长和人口福利的计算中。然而,这种假设从未有过令人信服的理由,越来越多的研究和分析表明,土地的生产率因农场的规模和功能而有明显的不同,大农场的每英亩产量受制于控制成本的需要,以便出售盈余获得利润,而小农户则以低廉的劳动生产率为代价,而且经常是惨不忍睹的劳动生产率,通过利用丰富的家庭劳动力努力实现产量最大化来提高产量,以确保微薄的耕地维持生计。从中世纪到现代,对跨世纪、跨大陆的农业进行的评估清楚地表明,农场规模与土地生产率之间普遍存在着一种反比关系。
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Peasant Productivity and Welfare in the Middle Ages and Beyond
Driven by the quality of sources rather than their representativeness, the history of English agriculture has been written primarily from the perspective of well-documented large farms to the neglect of smallholders and cottagers who for centuries cultivated the greater part of the nation’s farmland but left scant records. The superb series recording the mediocre and low crop yields of the expansive demesnes of great lords has long been adopted for the productivity of all medieval England’s arable and is deeply embedded in economic and social histories and calculations of economic growth and the welfare of the population. Yet no convincing justification for this supposition has ever been made, and an increasing flow of research and analysis indicates that the productivity of land varied markedly in accordance with the size and function of farms, with the output per acre of large farms constrained by the need to control costs in order to sell surpluses at a profit, while smallholders, at the cost of low and frequently abysmal labour productivity, produced higher yields by striving to maximize output using abundant family labour to secure subsistence from meagre acreages. An appraisal of farming across the centuries and the continents from the Middle Ages to modern times clearly shows that an inverse relationship generally prevailed between farm size and land productivity.
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来源期刊
Past & Present
Past & Present Multiple-
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
5.60%
发文量
49
期刊介绍: Founded in 1952, Past & Present is widely acknowledged to be the liveliest and most stimulating historical journal in the English-speaking world. The journal offers: •A wide variety of scholarly and original articles on historical, social and cultural change in all parts of the world. •Four issues a year, each containing five or six major articles plus occasional debates and review essays. •Challenging work by young historians as well as seminal articles by internationally regarded scholars. •A range of articles that appeal to specialists and non-specialists, and communicate the results of the most recent historical research in a readable and lively form. •A forum for debate, encouraging productive controversy.
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