P16 Expression in Grading of Urothelial Carcinoma

Background: Sleep is one of the most important determinants of human health. The quality of sleep has significant effects on academic performance and is influenced by multiple factors.Objectives: To determine the association between sleep patterns / Quality and academic performance of dental undergraduates during their summative clinical examination by using an objective measure.Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, from February 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023. A sample size of 82 was calculated by the Open Epi calculator. A validated questionnaire of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used in this study. The study participants were selected by convenience based consecutive sampling technique and were 3rd BDS Students appearing in annual General Medicine Examination. After data collection, these variables were analyzed by SPSS version 26 software.Results: This study comprised 43(52.4%) female and 39(47.6%) male participants, and amongst them, 34.1% of females and 20.7% of males rendered their sleep quality bad, whereas 18.3% of females and 26.8% of males responded otherwise. The findings were positively associated with bad sleep quality (47.6%). Measures of sleep quality were significantly deranged among poor sleepers compared to normal sleepers. On average, the academic performance of poor-quality sleepers was good compared to good-quality sleepers. Still, this finding is not statistically significant, as evidenced by the t-test (Mean 574 ± SD 62.156 vs. 581 ± 79.769) and p-value of 0.640.Conclusion: Poor sleep quality was common among our students. The academic performance of these students was not statistically significant in comparison to that of good quality sleepers. Keywords: Academic performance, Dental undergraduates, PSQI, Sleep quality