石器和我们的灵长类亲戚

COMPASS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI:10.29173/comp77
Prithvi Singh Kahlon
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摘要

与包括类人猿在内的其他非人灵长类动物相比,卷尾猴在三千年内似乎在使用石头方面取得了长足的进步。卷尾猴使用工具的快速进化可以帮助我们更好地理解我们自身进化历程中不明确的方面;它还可以让我们了解我们可能要做出的决定,即未来我们将如何与这种灵长类动物分享我们的星球。然而,此前还没有任何文献对卷尾猴和人类在自然环境中的石器进行比较研究,以解决前克洛维斯时期的有效性和未来卷尾猴的石器使用问题。因此,在本文的第一部分,我首先回顾了过去3000年来卷尾猴与石器互动的二手资料。随后,我讨论了现今卷尾猴制造的石器与人类火石鉴定属性之间的相似性。从本质上讲,卷尾猴已经熟练掌握了将石片从石头上剥离的运动技能,其方式与奥陶纪人有些相似。不过,卷尾猴并不对这些石片进行改造,而是将其作为矿物质营养来源或进行敲击活动的锤石。在本文的第二部分,我研究了与考古学上有争议的遗址有关的文献,这些遗址据说表明在距今12000年前美洲就已经有人类存在。特别是,我将卷尾猴石器与一个墨西哥遗址和一个巴西遗址的二手资料进行比较,以论证这两个遗址的石器是否是由以下动物制作的:1)新热带灵长类动物;或 2)自然力量。根据我对卷尾猴从过去到现在的石器活动的讨论,我在本文的最后部分提出了一个猜想,即在适当的条件下,现代卷尾猴有可能在接下来的几个世纪里开始有意识地将石片分离出来用于工具。
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Stone Tools and Our Primate Relatives
Within three millennia, capuchins appear to have made substantial progress in their use of stones relative to other living non-human primates, including the great apes. The rapid evolution of capuchin tool use can help us better understand unclear aspects of our own evolutionary journey; it can also inform us of the decisions we may have to make regarding how we will share our planet with this primate in the future. However, no prior literature has comparatively examined capuchin and human lithics within naturalistic contexts to subsequently tackle the issues of pre-Clovis validity and future capuchin stone use. Therefore, I first review secondary data on the lithic items that capuchins have been interacting with over the last 3000 years in the first section of this paper. Subsequently, I discuss the similarities between present-day capuchin-made lithics and human flintknapping attributes. Essentially, capuchins have become proficient in the motor-skills required to detach flakes from stones in a manner somewhat similar to Oldowan hominins. However, capuchins do not modify these flakes; they use them expediently as a source of mineral nutrition or as hammerstones for percussion activities. In the second section of this paper, I examine literature related to archaeologically controversial sites that supposedly suggest human presence in the Americas predating 12,000 years ago. In particular, I compare capuchin lithics with secondary data from one Mexican site and one Brazilian site to argue whether the stone items at the two sites were made by: 1) neotropical primates; or 2) the forces of nature. Based on my discussion of capuchin lithic activities from past to present, I make a conjecture in the final section of this paper that the right set of conditions could enable modern capuchins to potentially begin intentionally detaching flakes for tool use over the next few centuries.
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