用于时域天文学的 X 射线 CMOS 图像传感器高速读出系统

IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Journal of Instrumentation Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI:10.1088/1748-0221/19/01/C01006
N. Ogino, M. Arimoto, T. Sawano, D. Yonetoku, Hsien-chieh Shen, Takanori Sakamoto, J. Hiraga, Y. Yatsu, Tatehiro Mihara
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引用次数: 0

摘要

我们为互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)图像传感器开发了一种基于 FPGA 的高速读出系统,用于观测未来卫星任务(如 HiZ-GUNDAM)中的软 X 射线瞬变。我们之前的研究表明,CMOS 图像传感器具有低能 X 射线探测能力(0.4-4 keV)和较强的辐射耐受性,这满足了 HiZ-GUNDAM 任务的要求。然而,CMOS 传感器的像素尺寸通常较小(如 10 微米),因此图像数据量较大。GSENSE400BSI 有 2048×2048 像素,每帧产生 6 Mbyte。这些大量的观测原始图像数据无法存储在存储容量有限的卫星总线系统中。因此,必须从原始图像数据中只提取 X 射线光子事件。此外,CMOS 图像传感器的读出时间比典型的 X 射线 CCD 快约 10 倍,这就要求以 ∼ 0.1 秒的时间尺度更快地提取事件。为了解决这些问题,我们开发了一种基于 FPGA 的图像信号处理系统,该系统能够在不存储原始图像数据的情况下在卫星上高速提取 X 射线事件。所开发的系统结构紧凑,可安装在立方体卫星任务上,便于进行早期在轨运行演示。在此,我们介绍了所提出的基于 FPGA 的读出系统的设计和性能评估测试结果。利用 X 射线辐照实验,采用星载和离线处理方法提取 X 射线事件的结果一致,验证了所提系统的功能。
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High-speed readout system of X-ray CMOS image sensor for time domain astronomy
We developed an FPGA-based high-speed readout system for a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to observe soft X-ray transients in future satellite missions, such as HiZ-GUNDAM. Our previous research revealed that the CMOS image sensor has low-energy X-ray detection capability (0.4–4 keV) and strong radiation tolerance, which satisfies the requirements of the HiZ-GUNDAM mission. However, CMOS sensors typically have small pixel sizes (e.g., ∼10 µm), resulting in large volumes of image data. GSENSE400BSI has 2048×2048 pixels, producing 6 Mbyte per frame. These large volumes of observed raw image data cannot be stored in a satellite bus system with a limited storage size. Therefore, only X-ray photon events must be extracted from the raw image data. Furthermore, the readout time of CMOS image sensors is approximately ten times faster than that of typical X-ray CCDs, requiring faster event extraction on a timescale of ∼0.1 s. To address these issues, we have developed an FPGA-based image signal processing system capable of high-speed X-ray event extraction onboard without storing raw image data. The developed compact system enabled mounting on a CubeSat mission, facilitating early in-orbit operation demonstration. Here, we present the design and results of the performance evaluation tests of the proposed FPGA-based readout system. Utilizing X-ray irradiation experiments, the results of the X-ray event extraction with the onboard and offline processing methods were consistent, validating the functionality of the proposed system.
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来源期刊
Journal of Instrumentation
Journal of Instrumentation 工程技术-仪器仪表
CiteScore
2.40
自引率
15.40%
发文量
827
审稿时长
7.5 months
期刊介绍: Journal of Instrumentation (JINST) covers major areas related to concepts and instrumentation in detector physics, accelerator science and associated experimental methods and techniques, theory, modelling and simulations. The main subject areas include. -Accelerators: concepts, modelling, simulations and sources- Instrumentation and hardware for accelerators: particles, synchrotron radiation, neutrons- Detector physics: concepts, processes, methods, modelling and simulations- Detectors, apparatus and methods for particle, astroparticle, nuclear, atomic, and molecular physics- Instrumentation and methods for plasma research- Methods and apparatus for astronomy and astrophysics- Detectors, methods and apparatus for biomedical applications, life sciences and material research- Instrumentation and techniques for medical imaging, diagnostics and therapy- Instrumentation and techniques for dosimetry, monitoring and radiation damage- Detectors, instrumentation and methods for non-destructive tests (NDT)- Detector readout concepts, electronics and data acquisition methods- Algorithms, software and data reduction methods- Materials and associated technologies, etc.- Engineering and technical issues. JINST also includes a section dedicated to technical reports and instrumentation theses.
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