Biomaterial-based regenerative therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury

As one of the most intractable neurological diseases, spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to permanent neurological impairment in patients. Unfortunately, due to the complex pathological mechanisms and unique postinjury microenvironment, there is currently no way to completely repair the injured spinal cord. In recent years, with the rapid development of tissue engineering technology, the combination of biomaterials and medicine has provided a new idea for treating SCI. Here, we systematically summarize representative biomaterials, including natural, synthetic, nano, and hybrid materials, and their applications in SCI treatment. In addition, we describe several state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for tissue engineering. Importantly, we provide novel insights for the use of biomaterial-based therapeutic strategies to reduce secondary damage and promote repair. Finally, we discuss several biomaterial clinical studies. This review aims to provide a reference and new insights for the future exploration of spinal cord regeneration strategies. Biomaterial fabrication techniques and therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury. This review focuses on the most recent advancements of biomaterial-based therapeutics for the treatment of spinal cord injury. The outer ring of the figure shows four fabrication techniques for tissue engineering: hydrogel, electrospinning, 3D printing and decellularization. The inner ring shows the injured spinal cord and the roles of biomaterials in spinal cord injury repair, for instance, restoring the blood‒spinal cord barrier (BSCB). Spinal cord injuries disrupt the pathways that allow the brain to communicate with the body, often resulting in paralysis and loss of sensation below the injury site. Despite advances in care, we still lack definitive treatments to fully restore function after SCI. This study focuses on the potential of biomaterials to aid in spinal cord repair. The results of these experiments have shown promise, with some materials supporting nerve growth and reducing inflammation at the injury site. However, the translation of these findings into human treatments requires further study to ensure safety and effectiveness. In conclusion, the research advances our understanding of how biomaterials can be used to promote spinal cord repair. The potential future implications of this work include the development of new treatments that could improve the quality of life for individuals with SCI. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author.