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Unprecedented mechanical wave energy absorption observed in multifunctional bioinspired architected metamaterials 在多功能生物启发结构超材料中观察到前所未有的机械波能量吸收现象
IF 9.7 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00565-5
Zhendong Li, Xinxin Wang, Kexin Zeng, Zichao Guo, Chong Li, Xiang Yu, Seeram Ramakrishna, Zhonggang Wang, Yang Lu

In practical engineering, noise and impact hazards are pervasive, indicating the pressing demand for materials that can absorb both sound and stress wave energy simultaneously. However, the rational design of such multifunctional materials remains a challenge. Herein, inspired by cuttlebone, we present bioinspired architected metamaterials with unprecedented sound-absorbing and mechanical properties engineered via a weakly-coupled design. The acoustic elements feature heterogeneous multilayered resonators, whereas the mechanical responses are based on asymmetric cambered cell walls. These metamaterials experimentally demonstrated an average absorption coefficient of 0.80 from 1.0 to 6.0 kHz, with 77% of the data points exceeding the desired 0.75 threshold, all with a compact 21 mm thickness. An absorptance-thickness map is devised for assessing the sound-absorption efficiency. The high-fidelity microstructure-based model reveals the air friction damping mechanism, with broadband behavior attributed to multimodal hybrid resonance. Empowered by the cambered design of cell walls, metamaterials shift catastrophic failure toward a progressive deformation mode characterized by stable stress plateaus and ultrahigh specific energy absorption of 50.7 J/g—a 558.4% increase over the straight-wall design. After the deformation mechanisms are elucidated, a comprehensive research framework for burgeoning acousto-mechanical metamaterials is proposed. Overall, our study broadens the horizon for multifunctional material design.

在实际工程中,噪音和撞击危害无处不在,这表明人们迫切需要能够同时吸收声波和应力波能量的材料。然而,如何合理设计这种多功能材料仍是一项挑战。在此,我们受海螵蛸的启发,通过弱耦合设计,提出了具有前所未有的吸音和机械特性的生物启发结构超材料。声学元件采用异质多层谐振器,而机械响应则基于不对称的凸面细胞壁。实验证明,这些超材料在 1.0 至 6.0 千赫范围内的平均吸声系数为 0.80,77% 的数据点超过了所需的 0.75 临界值,而且厚度仅为 21 毫米。为评估吸声效率,设计了吸声厚度图。基于微结构的高保真模型揭示了空气摩擦阻尼机制,宽带行为归因于多模态混合共振。在细胞壁外凸设计的推动下,超材料将灾难性失效转变为渐进变形模式,其特点是稳定的应力高原和 50.7 J/g 的超高比能量吸收,比直壁式设计提高了 558.4%。在阐明变形机制之后,我们提出了一个针对新兴声学-机械超材料的综合研究框架。总之,我们的研究拓宽了多功能材料设计的视野。
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引用次数: 0
Vortex confinement through an unquantized magnetic flux 通过非量化磁通的涡约束
IF 9.7 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00564-6
Geunyong Kim, Jinyoung Yun, Jinho Yang, Ilkyu Yang, Dirk Wulferding, Roman Movshovich, Gil Young Cho, Ki-Seok Kim, Garam Hahn, Jeehoon Kim

Geometrically confined superconductors often experience a breakdown in the quantization of magnetic flux owing to the incomplete screening of the supercurrent against field penetration. In this study, we report that magnetic field confinement occurs regardless of the dimensionality of the system, even extending to 1D linear potential systems. By using a vector-field magnetic force microscope, we successfully create a vortex‒antivortex pair connected by a 1D unquantized magnetic flux in ultrathin superconducting films. Through an investigation of the manipulation and thermal behavior of the vortex pair, we uncover a long-range interaction mediated by the unquantized magnetic flux. These findings suggest a universal phenomenon of unquantized magnetic flux formation, independent of the geometry of the system. Our results present an experimental route for investigating the impact of confinement on superconducting properties and order parameters in unconventional superconductors characterized by extremely low dimensionality.

由于超电流对磁场穿透的屏蔽不完全,几何约束超导体通常会出现磁通量化崩溃。在这项研究中,我们发现磁场约束的发生与系统的维度无关,甚至可以扩展到一维线性势系统。通过使用矢量场磁力显微镜,我们成功地在超薄超导薄膜中创建了由一维非量化磁通连接的涡旋-反涡旋对。通过研究涡旋对的操纵和热行为,我们发现了一种由非量化磁通介导的长程相互作用。这些发现表明,非量化磁通的形成是一种普遍现象,与系统的几何形状无关。我们的研究结果为研究约束对超导特性的影响和以极低维度为特征的非常规超导体中的有序参数提供了一条实验途径。
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引用次数: 0
Lithium-ion battery recycling—a review of the material supply and policy infrastructure 锂离子电池回收--材料供应和政策基础设施回顾
IF 9.7 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00562-8
P. M. Tembo, C. Dyer, V. Subramanian

The current change in battery technology followed by the almost immediate adoption of lithium as a key resource powering our energy needs in various applications is undeniable. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are at the forefront of the industry and offer excellent performance. The application of LIBs is expected to continue to increase. The adoption of renewable energies has spurred this LIB proliferation and resulted in a dramatic increase in LIB waste. In this review, we address waste LIB collection and segregation approaches, waste LIB treatment approaches, and related economics. We have coined a “green score” concept based on a review of several quantitative analyses from the literature to compare the three mainstream recycling processes: pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling. In addition, we analyze the current trends in policymaking and in government incentive development directed toward promoting LIB waste recycling. Future LIB recycling perspectives are analyzed, and opportunities and threats to LIB recycling are presented.

不可否认的是,随着电池技术的发展,锂几乎立即成为了满足各种应用能源需求的关键资源。锂离子电池(LIB)性能卓越,处于行业领先地位。预计锂离子电池的应用将继续增加。可再生能源的采用刺激了锂离子电池的扩散,并导致锂离子电池废料的急剧增加。在本综述中,我们将讨论废锂电池收集和分离方法、废锂电池处理方法以及相关的经济学问题。在对文献中的一些定量分析进行回顾的基础上,我们提出了一个 "绿色分数 "的概念,以比较三种主流回收工艺:火冶、湿法冶金和直接回收。此外,我们还分析了当前政策制定和政府激励措施发展的趋势,以促进锂离子电池废弃物的回收利用。我们还分析了未来锂离子电池回收利用的前景,并提出了锂离子电池回收利用的机遇和威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Tailoring the grain boundary structure and chemistry of the dendrite-free garnet solid electrolyte Li6.1Ga0.3La3Zr2O12 调整无枝晶石榴石固体电解质 Li6.1Ga0.3La3Zr2O12 的晶界结构和化学性质
IF 9.7 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00563-7
Rae-Hyun Lee, Chea-Yun Kang, Jong-Kyu Lee, Bong-Soo Jin, Kyong-Nam Kim, Hyun-Soo Kim, Jung-Rag Yoon, Seung-Hwan Lee

Garnet-type Li6.1Ga0.3La3Zr2O12 (LGLZO) exhibits high ionic conductivity and extremely low electronic conductivity. The electrochemical properties strongly depend on the characteristics of the grain boundaries and pores in the oxide–ceramic electrolyte. Currently, the main issue of LGLZO is its large grain boundary resistance due to high-temperature sintering. Herein, we propose an effective method for reinforcing the chemical and structural characteristics of the grain boundaries using a Li2O-B2O3-Al2O3 (LBA) sintering aid. In this study, the LBA sintering aid is critical because it fills grain boundaries and void spaces. As a result, LGLZO solid-state electrolytes with sintering aids significantly enhance the ionic conductivity and reduce the activation energy, especially in the grain boundary region. Another crucial issue is the formation of Li dendrites in LGLZO. Since dendritic Li propagates along the grain boundaries, the optimized LGLZO solid-state electrolyte demonstrates excellent stability against Li metals. Overall, the LGLZO electrolyte with the LBA sintering aid exhibits stable long-term cycling performance due to the well-designed grain boundaries.

石榴石型 Li6.1Ga0.3La3Zr2O12(LGLZO)具有很高的离子电导率和极低的电子电导率。其电化学性质在很大程度上取决于氧化物-陶瓷电解质中晶界和孔隙的特性。目前,LGLZO 的主要问题是高温烧结造成的较大晶界电阻。在此,我们提出了一种利用 Li2O-B2O3-Al2O3 (LBA) 烧结助剂强化晶界化学和结构特性的有效方法。在本研究中,LBA 烧结助剂至关重要,因为它能填充晶界和空隙。因此,含有烧结助剂的 LGLZO 固态电解质可显著提高离子导电性并降低活化能,尤其是在晶界区域。另一个关键问题是锂枝晶在 LGLZO 中的形成。由于树枝状锂沿着晶界传播,因此优化的 LGLZO 固态电解质对锂金属具有极佳的稳定性。总体而言,采用 LBA 烧结辅助剂的 LGLZO 电解液因其精心设计的晶界而表现出稳定的长期循环性能。
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引用次数: 0
High tolerance of the superconducting current to large grain boundary angles in potassium-doped BaFe2As2 掺钾 BaFe2As2 中超导电流对大晶界角的高耐受性
IF 9.7 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00561-9
Takafumi Hatano, Dongyi Qin, Kazumasa Iida, Hongye Gao, Zimeng Guo, Hikaru Saito, Satoshi Hata, Yusuke Shimada, Michio Naito, Akiyasu Yamamoto

Superconducting magnets based on high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) have become critical components in cutting-edge technologies such as advanced medical applications. In HTSs, weak links of superconductivity are inevitable at high-angle grain boundaries (GBs). Thus, two adjacent grains should be crystallographically aligned within the critical angle (θc), for which the intergrain critical current density (Jc) starts to decrease exponentially. The θc of several iron-based superconductors (IBSs) is larger than that of cuprates. However, the decreases in both θc and intergrain Jc under magnetic fields for IBSs are still substantial, hampering their applications in polycrystalline forms. Here, we report that potassium-doped BaFe2As2 (Ba122:K) exhibits superior GB performance to that of previously reported IBSs. A transport Jc of over 0.1 MA/cm2 across [001]-tilt GBs with misorientation angles up to θGB = 24° was recorded even at 28 K, which is a required level for practical applications. Additionally, even in an applied magnetic field, θc was unaltered, and the decay of the intergrain Jc was small. Our results highlight the exceptional potential of Ba122:K for polycrystalline applications and pave the way for next-generation superconducting magnets.

基于高温超导体(HTS)的超导磁体已成为先进医疗应用等尖端技术的关键部件。在高温超导体中,高角度晶界(GB)处不可避免地会出现超导薄弱环节。因此,两个相邻晶粒应在临界角 (θc)范围内结晶排列,此时晶粒间临界电流密度 (Jc) 开始呈指数下降。几种铁基超导体(IBSs)的θc都比铜氧化物大。然而,在磁场作用下,铁基超导体的θc 和晶粒间 Jc 的下降幅度仍然很大,这阻碍了它们在多晶体形式中的应用。在这里,我们报告了掺钾的 BaFe2As2(Ba122:K)与之前报告的 IBS 相比,具有更优越的 GB 性能。即使在 28 K(这是实际应用所需的水平)的条件下,我们也能记录到跨越[001]倾斜 GB 的传输 Jc 超过 0.1 MA/cm2,其错位角可达 θGB = 24°。此外,即使在外加磁场中,θc 也不会发生变化,晶粒间 Jc 的衰减也很小。我们的研究结果凸显了 Ba122:K 在多晶应用领域的巨大潜力,并为下一代超导磁体的发展铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
A multifunctional mesoporous silica drug delivery nanosystem that ameliorates tumor hypoxia and increases radiotherapy efficacy 一种能改善肿瘤缺氧并提高放疗疗效的多功能介孔二氧化硅给药纳米系统
IF 9.7 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00560-w
Yanhong Chu, LiFeng Wang, Yaohua Ke, Xiaoyu Feng, Wenmei Rao, Wei Ren, Kai Xin, Yan Wang, Lixia Yu, Baorui Liu, Qin Liu

Radiotherapy (RT) is a widely used treatment with strong therapeutic effects, but overcoming challenges related to hypoxia-induced tumor resistance and ineffective antitumor immune responses is crucial for optimal outcomes. In this study, we developed a versatile nanosystem using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), R837, and a small quantity of manganese peroxide (Mn/ZnO2). The synthesized MSN@R837-Mn/ZnO2 nanoparticles exhibited precise tumor targeting and accumulation, controlled drug release under acidic conditions, and increased sensitivity in magnetic resonance imaging. These attributes collectively augmented the therapeutic efficacy of RT by alleviating hypoxia and immunosuppression. Tumor cells treated with RT combined with these nanoparticles displayed reduced oxidative stress, alleviated hypoxia, and normalized blood vessel formation. Notably, all mice in the RT + PD-1 + MSN@R837-Mn/ZnO2 group achieved complete tumor regression with extended survival. Safety assessments confirmed the absence of MSN@R837-Mn/ZnO2 toxicity, highlighting its potential as a promising approach with dual functionality for the diagnostic imaging and treatment of cancer.

放疗(RT)是一种广泛使用的治疗方法,具有很强的治疗效果,但克服缺氧引起的肿瘤耐药性和无效的抗肿瘤免疫反应是获得最佳疗效的关键。在这项研究中,我们利用介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(MSN)、R837 和少量过氧化锰(Mn/ZnO2)开发了一种多功能纳米系统。合成的 MSN@R837-Mn/ZnO2 纳米粒子具有精确的肿瘤靶向性和蓄积性,在酸性条件下可控制药物释放,并提高了磁共振成像的灵敏度。这些特性通过缓解缺氧和免疫抑制共同提高了 RT 的疗效。肿瘤细胞经与这些纳米颗粒结合的 RT 治疗后,氧化应激减少,缺氧减轻,血管形成正常。值得注意的是,RT + PD-1 + MSN@R837-Mn/ZnO2组的所有小鼠都实现了肿瘤完全消退并延长了生存期。安全性评估证实,MSN@R837-Mn/ZnO2 无毒性,突出了其作为一种具有双重功能的癌症诊断成像和治疗方法的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Probing the weak limit of magnetocrystalline anisotropy through a spin‒flop transition in the van der Waals antiferromagnet CrPS4 通过范德华反铁磁体 CrPS4 的自旋翻转转变探究磁晶各向异性的弱极限
IF 8.6 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00559-3
Jae Yeon Seo, Sunghyun Lim, H. Shin, Ki Won Jeong, Jae Min Hong, Kyungsun Moon, Mi Kyung Kim, N. Lee, Young Jai Choi
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引用次数: 0
Thermoregulatory integration in hand prostheses and humanoid robots through blood vessel simulation 通过血管模拟实现手部假肢和仿人机器人的体温调节一体化
IF 9.7 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00558-4
Sang-Mi Jeong, Jonguk Yang, Youngsoo Kang, Hee Sung Seo, Keumyoung Seo, Taekyung Lim, Sanghyun Ju

In this paper, we introduce an innovative approach for generating robotic faces with a thermal signature similar to that of humans and equipping prosthetic or robotic hands with a lifelike temperature distribution. This approach enhances their detection via infrared cameras and promotes more natural interactions between humans and robots. This method integrates a temperature regulation system into artificial skin, drawing inspiration from the human body’s natural temperature control via blood flow. Central to this technique is a fiber network simulating blood vessels within the artificial skin. Water flows through these fibers under specific temperature and flow conditions, forming a controlled heat release system. The heat emission can be adjusted by changing the dilation of these fibers, primarily by modulating the frequency of circulation. Our findings indicate that this approach can replicate the varied thermal characteristics of different human faces and hand areas. Consequently, the robotic faces appear more human-like in infrared images, aiding their identification by infrared cameras. At the same time, the prosthetic hands achieve a more natural temperature, reducing the discomfort typically felt in direct contact with synthetic limbs. The aim of this study was to address the challenges faced by the users of prosthetic hands. The results from this study show a promising direction in humanoid robotics, fostering improved tactile interactions and redefining human–robot relationships. This innovative technique facilitates further advancements, blurring the lines between artificial aids and natural biological systems.

在本文中,我们介绍了一种创新方法,用于生成具有与人类相似热特征的机器人脸部,并为假肢或机器人手部配备逼真的温度分布。这种方法增强了通过红外摄像机对机器人的探测,促进了人类与机器人之间更自然的互动。这种方法将温度调节系统集成到人造皮肤中,从人体通过血液流动进行自然温度控制中汲取灵感。这项技术的核心是在人造皮肤内模拟血管的纤维网络。水在特定的温度和流动条件下流经这些纤维,形成一个受控的热释放系统。通过改变这些纤维的扩张程度,主要是通过调节循环频率,可以调节热量的释放。我们的研究结果表明,这种方法可以复制不同人脸和手部区域的不同热特性。因此,机器人脸部在红外图像中看起来更像人类,有助于红外相机对其进行识别。与此同时,假手的温度也更加自然,减少了与人造肢体直接接触时通常会产生的不适感。这项研究的目的是解决假手使用者面临的挑战。这项研究的结果表明,仿人机器人技术的发展方向大有可为,它可以改善触觉互动,重新定义人与机器人的关系。这种创新技术有助于进一步发展,模糊人工辅助工具与自然生物系统之间的界限。
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引用次数: 0
+Emerging organic electrode materials for sustainable batteries +用于可持续电池的新兴有机电极材料
IF 9.7 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00557-5
P. M. Hari Prasad, G. Malavika, Anuraj Pillai, Sachu Sadan, Zeena S. Pillai

Organic electrode materials (OEMs) possess low discharge potentials and charge‒discharge rates, making them suitable for use as affordable and eco-friendly rechargeable energy storage systems without needing metals such as lithium or sodium. OEMs can provide a sustainable energy economy by their development into stable and efficient next-generation high-power batteries. Despite the presence of several classes of OEMs, such as conducting polymers, 2D and 3D metal-organic frameworks, organolithium derivatives, 2D covalent organic frameworks, aromatic heterocyclic imides, and viologen derivatives, since their introduction in the 1960s, carbonyl-based molecules have maintained low discharge potentials and stable charging/discharging properties. Nevertheless, several redox-active organic molecules, including carbonyl derivatives, show poor electrochemical stability and ionic mobility in standard battery electrolytes, hampering their commercial use. Therefore, with the increased demand for renewable energy, the synthesis and testing of carbonyl-based OEMs continue to be performed in energy research. This review summarizes recent advances in developing carbonyl-based OEMs and their performance in rechargeable batteries.

有机电极材料(OEM)具有较低的放电电位和充放电速率,因此适合用作经济环保的可充电储能系统,而无需使用锂或钠等金属。通过将 OEM 发展成稳定、高效的下一代高功率电池,可实现可持续的能源经济。尽管存在几类 OEM,如导电聚合物、二维和三维金属有机框架、有机锂衍生物、二维共价有机框架、芳香杂环亚胺和紫胶衍生物,但自 20 世纪 60 年代问世以来,羰基分子一直保持着较低的放电电位和稳定的充电/放电特性。然而,包括羰基衍生物在内的一些具有氧化还原活性的有机分子在标准电池电解液中的电化学稳定性和离子迁移性较差,阻碍了它们的商业应用。因此,随着对可再生能源需求的增加,羰基 OEM 的合成和测试仍在能源研究中继续进行。本综述总结了开发羰基 OEM 的最新进展及其在充电电池中的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Twist angle-dependent transport properties of twisted bilayer graphene 扭曲双层石墨烯的扭曲角度输运特性
IF 9.7 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00556-6
Jin Hong Kim, Seoung-Hun Kang, Duhee Yoon, Hakseong Kim, Jin-Soo Kim, Mohd Musaib Haidari, Dong Jin Jang, Jin-Yong Ko, Young-Woo Son, Bae Ho Park, Jin Sik Choi

Twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) with small twist angles has attracted significant attention because of its unique electronic properties arising from the formation of a moiré superlattice. In this study, we systematically characterized the twist-angle-dependent electronic and transport properties of tBLG grown via chemical vapor deposition. This characterization included parameters such as the charge-neutral point voltage, carrier concentration, resistance, and mobility, covering a wide range of twist angles from 0° to 30°. We experimentally demonstrated that these parameters exhibited twist-angle-dependent moiré period trends, with high twist angles exceeding 9°, revealing more practically useful features, including improved mobilities compared to those of single-layer graphene. In addition, we demonstrated that the doping states and work functions were weakly dependent on the twist angles, as confirmed by additional first-principles calculations. This study provides valuable insights into the transport properties of tBLG and its potential for practical applications in the emerging field of twistronics.

具有小扭曲角的扭曲双层石墨烯(tBLG)因形成摩尔超晶格而具有独特的电子特性,因而备受关注。在这项研究中,我们系统地描述了通过化学气相沉积法生长的 tBLG 与扭转角相关的电子和传输特性。这种表征包括电荷中性点电压、载流子浓度、电阻和迁移率等参数,涵盖了从 0° 到 30° 的广泛扭曲角范围。我们通过实验证明,这些参数表现出与扭转角相关的摩尔期趋势,高扭转角超过 9°,揭示了更多实际有用的特性,包括与单层石墨烯相比更好的迁移率。此外,我们还证明了掺杂态和功函数与扭转角的微弱相关性,这一点也得到了更多第一性原理计算的证实。这项研究为了解 tBLG 的传输特性及其在新兴双电子学领域的实际应用潜力提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
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