森林疏伐和规定的燃烧处理可降低野火的严重程度,缓冲恶劣火灾天气的影响

IF 3.6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Fire Ecology Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI:10.1186/s42408-023-00241-z
Emily G. Brodie, Eric E. Knapp, Wesley R. Brooks, Stacy A. Drury, Martin W. Ritchie
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引用次数: 0

摘要

森林燃料处理能否缓和后续野火的行为和严重程度,取决于燃烧时的天气和燃料条件。然而,由于野火与具有大量火前数据的地区之间的相遇非常罕见,因此对处理效果的深入评估非常有限。在这里,我们利用了一个 1200 公顷的随机重复实验,该实验在各种天气条件下几乎完全在随后的野火中燃烧。我们比较了四种燃料处理方法对火灾严重性的影响,包括两种纯稀释、一种稀释-燃烧、一种纯燃烧和一种未处理对照。我们评估了四种火灾严重性指标--树木死亡率、平均树干炭化高度、消耗树冠体积百分比 (PCVC) 和受影响树冠体积百分比 (PCVA),并利用火灾前地表和树冠燃料数据,以更好地了解不同处理方法之间野火严重性差异的驱动机制,以及它们如何随火灾天气而变化。我们发现,尽管机械疏伐已经过去了 20 年,而第二次使用规定火源也已经过去了 10 年,但处理方法对火灾行为和树木死亡率仍有很强的缓解作用。在所有四项指标中,稀疏燃烧处理的火灾严重程度最低,而未处理的对照组火灾严重程度最高。所有四项火灾严重程度指标都与火灾前的树冠和地表燃料负荷呈正相关,但 PCVC(与树冠火灾行为有关的火灾严重程度指标)与地表燃料负荷无关。在不同的火灾严重程度指标下,燃料处理最有效的火灾天气条件各不相同。在树木死亡率的中等燃烧指数值、PCVA 的中等至高燃烧指数值以及木焦高度和 PCVC 的高燃烧指数值条件下,燃料处理的效益最大。我们的结论是,通过机械疏伐处理降低树冠体积密度有助于在 20 年或更长时间内限制树冠火灾行为。然而,要限制焦烧和与树木死亡相关的树冠总影响,就必须减少地表燃料。此外,虽然在最严重的火灾天气条件下,与树木死亡率相关的火灾严重性指标的燃料处理效果可能会下降,但在严重的火灾天气条件下,与树冠火灾行为相关的火灾严重性指标(树干炭化和灼烧)的燃料处理效果却最大。我们的研究结果提供了强有力的证据,证明即使在极端火灾天气条件下,也可以利用燃料处理来减轻火灾行为和由此造成的火灾严重程度。
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Forest thinning and prescribed burning treatments reduce wildfire severity and buffer the impacts of severe fire weather
The capacity of forest fuel treatments to moderate the behavior and severity of subsequent wildfires depends on weather and fuel conditions at the time of burning. However, in-depth evaluations of how treatments perform are limited because encounters between wildfires and areas with extensive pre-fire data are rare. Here, we took advantage of a 1200-ha randomized and replicated experiment that burned almost entirely in a subsequent wildfire under a wide range of weather conditions. We compared the impacts of four fuel treatments on fire severity, including two thin-only, a thin-burn, a burn-only, and an untreated control. We evaluated four fire severity metrics—tree mortality, average bole char height, percent crown volume consumed (PCVC), and percent crown volume affected (PCVA)—and leveraged data from pre-fire surface and canopy fuels to better understand the mechanisms driving differences in wildfire severity among treatments and how they changed with fire weather. We found strong mitigating effects of treatments on fire behavior and tree mortality, despite 20 years having elapsed since mechanical thinning and 10 years since the second entry of prescribed fire. The thin-burn treatment resulted in the lowest fire severity across all four metrics and the untreated control the highest. All four fire severity metrics were positively associated with pre-fire canopy and surface fuel loads, with the exception that PCVC (a fire severity metric related to crown fire behavior) was not associated with surface fuel load. The fire weather conditions under which fuel treatment was most effective varied among fire severity metrics. Fuel treatment benefit was maximized at intermediate burning index values for tree mortality, intermediate to high burning index values for PCVA, and high burning index for bole char height and PCVC. We conclude that reducing canopy bulk density via mechanical thinning treatments can help to limit crown fire behavior for 20 years or more. However, reducing surface fuels is necessary to limit scorching and the total crown impacts associated with tree mortality. Further, while fuel treatment effectiveness may decline under the most severe fire weather conditions for fire severity metrics associated with tree mortality, it is maximized under severe fire weather conditions for fire severity metrics associated with crown fire behavior (bole charring and torching). Our results provide strong evidence for the use of fuel treatments to mitigate fire behavior and resulting fire severity even under extreme fire weather conditions.
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来源期刊
Fire Ecology
Fire Ecology ECOLOGY-FORESTRY
CiteScore
6.20
自引率
7.80%
发文量
24
审稿时长
20 weeks
期刊介绍: Fire Ecology is the international scientific journal supported by the Association for Fire Ecology. Fire Ecology publishes peer-reviewed articles on all ecological and management aspects relating to wildland fire. We welcome submissions on topics that include a broad range of research on the ecological relationships of fire to its environment, including, but not limited to: Ecology (physical and biological fire effects, fire regimes, etc.) Social science (geography, sociology, anthropology, etc.) Fuel Fire science and modeling Planning and risk management Law and policy Fire management Inter- or cross-disciplinary fire-related topics Technology transfer products.
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